THE  LIBRARY 
OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


gHOl 


IT-HAND 


A  COMPLETE  TEXT-HOOK 


ON 

PHONOGRAPHY, 

^-  — i       r  —       ;;       r~ 

PRESENTING  IN  A  CLEAR  AND  CONCISE  MANNER 

PRINCIPLES  BY  THE  USE  OF  WHICH  PERFECT 

LEGIBILITY,  AND  THE  HIGHEST  SPEED  MAY 

BE  OBTAINED  :  ALSO,  CONTAINING 

A  SPECIAL  CHAPTER 

— -:  ON  : — 

CAPITALIZATION  AND  PUNCTUATION. 

HY 

GEORGE  W.  DAVIS. 


BUFFALO,  N.  V.: 

THE  BRYANT  A-  STKATTuN   Pl'BLISHING  CO., 

451  Main  Street. 

1891. 


Copyright,  1891,  by  George  W.  Davis.         »| 


<;iv:s  A  <'o.. 

Printers,  P.in.lrr-  uii'l   Klfcii-i' tv|.<T-, 
Uiiftiil.),  N.  V. 


-I3 


preface. 


IN  PRESENTING  this  work  to  the  public,   the  author 
does  so  with  an  earnest  conviction  that,   by  its  use,   a 
thorough  knowledge  of  short-hand  may  be  obtained 
with  the  expenditure  of  much  less  time  and  labor  than  has 
j£    heretofore  been  required. 

The  logical  arrangement  of  the  principles,  the  simplic- 
5    ity  of  the  rules,  and  their  freedom  from   exceptions,   will 
2    insure  more  correct  writing,    greater  accuracy  in  reading, 
and  higher  speed. 

*  This  is  not  a  new  system.  The  material  used  by  the 

I  most  expert  Graham  and  Pitman  phonographers  has  been 

~*  carefully  arranged  and  systematized,  and  presented,  free 
from  useless  matter,  in  a  clear  and  concise  manner,  with 
illustrations  showing  the  application  of  each  principle. 

The  ''  Reporter's  Rule  of  Position  "  is  taught  from  the 
very  beginning.  The  Reading  and  Writing  Exercises 
have  been  very  carefully  prepared,  and  only  such  words 
selected  as  would  come  under  the  principles  embraced  in 
that  lesson,  or  under  those  of  a  preceding  one,  so  that  the 

448403 


student  learns  only  those  forms  for  words  which  he  will 
always  use  for  them.  In  many  text-books  one  form  for  a 
word  will  be  given  in  one  lesson,  a  second  form  in  another, 
and  perhaps,  before  the  completion  of  the  book,  still  another 
form,  the  pupil  becomes  confused  with  the  different  outlines, 
does  not  know  which  o-ne  to  use,  and  is  seriously  retarded 
in  his  progres>. 

The  subject  has  been  very  carefully  divided  into  lessons, 
each  one  complete  in  itself,  with  Reading  and  Writing 
Exercises,  and  questions  at  the  end,  by  which  the  student 
may  test  his  knowledge,  and  assure  himself  that  he  under- 
stands the  principles  therein  contained  before  proceeding  to 
the  next  lesson. 

The  engraving  has  been  done  by  an  accomplished 
artist,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  character  of  the  work  will 
stimulate  the  student,  and  result  in  his  acquiring  a  neat 
and  compact  style,  which  is  in  every  way  so  desirable. 

A  special  chapter  devoted  to  Capitalization  and  Punc- 
tuation has  been  added,  which  will  be  found  a  valuable 
reference  by  a  large  majority  of  those  entering  upon  the 
duties  of  a  stenographer. 
Buffalo,  N.  Y..  May,  1891. 


IRemarfcs  to  tbc  Stut>ent. 


WHEN    YOU   ENTER  upon  the  study  of  Short- 
hand, do  so  with  a  determination  to  stick  to  it 
till  you  can  do  good  work.     If,  for  any  reason, 
it  should   take  you  longer  to  learn  than  you  expected, 
remember  success  will  surely  follow  earnest  study  and  per- 
sistent practice.     Do  not  get  the  erroneous  idea  that  short- 
hand can  be  learned  only  by  a  talented  few.     There  is 
nothing  of  mystery  about  the  art;  its  principles  are  simple, 
and  a  given  degree  .of  proficiency  in  it   can  be  obtained 
more  quickly  than  in  either  grammar  or  arithmetic. 

MASTER   EACH    LESSOX. 

If  you  will  accept  advice  of  the  utmost  importance,  you 
will  master  each  lesson  as  you  proceed,  no  matter  how 
long  it  may  take  you  Do  this,  and  you  will  be  surprised 
at  the  ease  with  which  short-hand  can  be  learned.  Many, 
in  their  eagerness  to  ' '  get  through  the  book, ' '  skim  over 
the  lessons,  and,  as  a  result,  get  the  principles  confused; 
are  unable  to  write  correctly;  consequently  cannot  read 
their  notes;  soon  become  discouraged  and  give  it  up. 

USE   GOOD    PAPER. 

This  does  not  mean  expensive  paper,  but  that  of  a 
good,  firm  quality.  The  slight  difference  in  cost  of  such 
paper,  and  of  the  soft,  flimsy  stuff  now  sold  at  many  of  the 
cheap  stationers,  will  be  made  up,  many  times  over,  in  the 
improved  character  of  the  work. 

Short-hand  note  books,  opening  at  the  end,  can  now 
be  secured  p. most  everywhere,  and  should  be  used  by  the 
student,  especially  after  he  has  completed  the  study  of  the 
text-book. 


Beginners  will  find  the  use  of  double  or  triple  line 
paper  of  much  assistance  in  making  the  consonant  strokes 
of  uniform  length,  and  in  getting  words  in  their  proper 
positions. 

PENCIL,    PEN,    AND    INK. 

Many  of  the  best  stenographers  use  a  pen  altogether; 
others  prefer  a  pencil.  There  is  little  doubt,  however,  that 
better  and  clearer  work  can  be  done  with  a  pen  than  with  a 
pencil.  It  is  well  to  accustom  one's  self  to  the  use  of  both. 

When  pencils  are  employed,  use  a  "Stenograph"  of 
medium  hardness.  It  is  an  excellent  plan  to  have  two  or 
three  always  on  hand.  Keep  them  well  sharpened,  and 
your  outlines  will  be  clear  and  distinct. 

The  "Fountain"  pen  is  now  largely  used,  as  it  can  be 
carried  in  the  pocket  as  easily  as  a  pencil,  and  is  always 
ready. 

When  steel  pens  are  employed,  select  one  suited  to 
your  hand.  Esterbrook's  No.  128,  and  Gillott's  No.  604, 
F,  give  excellent  results. 

Use  black  ink,  and  that  which  flows  freely.  Poor  ink 
not  only  gives  unsatisfactory  results,  but  seriously  retards 
one's  speed. 

MANNER   OF   HOLDING    THE   PEN. 

Hold  the  pen  or  pencil  between  the  thumb  and  first 
finger,  the  same  as  when  writing  long-hand,  except  that  the 
lace  of  the  pen  should  be  well  turned  to  the  left;  this  will 
enable  one  to  shade  the  horizontal  characters  easily. 

SIZE   OF   CHARACTERS. 

Make  small  outlines;  they  will  insure  greater  speed 
and  accuracy.  About  one-eighth  of  an  inch  is  recommended 
as  the  proper  length  for  the  consonant  strokes.  Words 
should  be  written  about  one  fifth  of  an  inch  apart. 


PAGE. 

Preface 1-2 

Remarks  to  students 3-4 

LESSON  No.  i  .  . 9-12 

Consonants,  9;  Method  of  Writing,  10;  Reading 
and  Writing  Exercise,  n. 

LESSON  No.  2 13-17 

Word  Signs,  13-14  ;  Heavy  Vowels,  14-15  ;  Posi- 
tion of  Words,  1 6  ;  Reading  and  Writing  Exer- 
cises, 16-17. 

LESSON  No.  3 18-22 

Light  Vowels,  18  ;  Vowels  between  Strokes,  18- 
19  ;  Diphthongs,  19-20  ;  Pronoun  I,  20  ;  Vowel 
Word  Signs,  21-22. 

LESSON  No.  4 23-28 

Brief  Signs  for  S  and  Z,  23-24  ;  Use  of  Stroke  for 
S  and  Z,  25-26. 

LESSON  No.  5 29-31 

Uses  of  Ar  and  Ray,  29-30. 
LESSON  No.  6 32-34 

Uses  of  El  and  Lay,  32-33  ;  Ish  and  Shay,  33. 


LESSON  No.  7 35~39 

H  Represented  by  a  Dot,  35  ;  Uses  of  H  stroke, 
35-36  ;  The,  A,  An  or  And,  36-37  ;  Tick  for  He, 
37  ;  Word  Signs  and  Contractions,  38-39. 

LKSSON  No.  8 40-43 

Brief  Signs  for  W,  40-41  ;  W  Hook,  40  ;  Weh 
and  Wuh,  40  ;  Circle  Prefixed,  41  ;  Guide  to 
use  of  Hook,  41  ;  To  use  of  Weh  and  Wuh, 
Joined,  41  ;  Brief  Signs  for  Y,  41-42. 

LESSON  No.  9 44-4^> 

Use  of  W  and  Y  Strokes,  44-45  ;  Brief  W  and  Y 
in  the  Vowel  Places,  45-46  ;  Punctuation  of  Short- 
hand Notes,  46  ;  Capitals,  Emphasis,  Accent, 
Word  Signs,  Contractions,  47. 

LESSON  No.  10 • 49*53 

L  Hook,  49  ;  R  Hook,  50  ;  General  Use  of  L  and 
R  Hooks,  Imperfect  Hooks,  51  ; 

LESSON  No.  n 54-58 

Special  Use  L  and  R  Hooks,  54  ;  Iss,  Sez,  and 
Steh  prefixed,  55-57. 

LESSON  No.  12 59-62 

Enlarged  L  and  R  Hooks,  59  ;  In,  Un  and  En 
Hook,  59-60;  Word  Signs,  Contractions,  61-62. 

LESSON  No.  13- 63-66 

Final  Hooks,  63-64  ;  Circles  and  Loops  added  to 
Final  Hooks,  64-65. 

LESSON  No.  14 67-69 

Shon  and  Tiv,  67-68. 

6 


LESSON  No.  15 70-75 

P  and  B  added  to  M,  70;  Lengthened  Letters,  70- 
72  ;  Word  Signs  and  Contractions,  74-75. 

LESSON  No.  16 76-82 

Shortened  Letters,  76-77  ;  When  not  to  Shorten, 
77-79  ;  Word  Signs,  81  ;  Derivatives,  82. 

LESSON  No.  17 83-87 

Brief  Prefix  Signs. 
LESSON  No.  18 88-91 

Affix  Signs. 
LESSON  No.  19 92-98 

Phrase- Writing,  92-93  ;  Omission  of  Consonants, 

93-94  ;  Omission  of  Words,  94-95. 

LESSON  No.  20.     Reporting  Expedients 99-104 

ADDITIONAL. 

Reporting  Notes,  with  Key 105-111 

Brief  Word-forms 113-131 

Practice  Letters  for  Students 132-138 

Guide  to  the  Use  of  Capitals 139-141 

Punctuation 142-156 


Lesson   No.    1. 


I.     Learn  the  following  phonographic  characters. 


Phc 
Cl 

V 

\ 

/ 
/ 

V 
V 

( 
( 

nographic                           Consonant  it 
laracter.                                Represents. 

Phonographic                            Consonant  it 
Character.                                Represents. 

) 

\        b 

J        sh 

J 

d 

1 

/    (called  C/iay)  ch 
f 

'      called  Ar  ~] 

k 

(called  Gay)   g 

"     Ray 

f 

v 

as  in  thin  (called  ItJi)       .  th 
as  in  then  (called  The]  .  .  th 

(called  Ing)    ng 

//     .                                            .h 

2.      Iii  phonography  the  consonants  of  a  word  are  always 
written  first,  the  vowels  afterwards. 


MKTHol)  OF  WRITING. 

3.  The  /  and  s/i  are  written  both  upward  and  downward. 
When  written   upward.    /  i.s   called    Lay;    and   s/i,    Shay. 
When    written    doicn~n'uni<    I  is    called    /:"//   and  s/i,    hh. 
Always  write  /  upward  when  standing  alone. 

4.  Horizontal  letters  are  written  from  left  to  right. 

5.  The  ft  and  the  straight  line  for  r  (Ray)  must  always 
be  written  upward.       All  other  inclined  letters,  except  Lay 
and  Shav,  are  written  downward. 

6.  Ray>  being  written  upward,  is  more  slanting,    when 
standing  alone,  than  Chay  which   is   always  written  do:oi- 
:<.'anL     They  are  thus  easily  distinguishable. 

Ray         Chay         Ray-Chay     Chay-Ray       Ray-k          Chay-k 


The  slant  of  a  stroke  may  be  varied  in  order  to  secure  a 
sharper  angle,  as  in 


DIRECTIONS. 

7.  Repeatedly  write  the  phonographic  characters,  until 
they  can  be  formed  readily  and  accurately.     Be  careful  to 
make  them  the  same  length  as  here  given,  about  one-eighth 
of  an  inch. 

8.  Use  a  fine  pen,  or  a  stenographic  pencil  sharpened  to 
a  point. 

10 


g.  Make  the  light  lines  very  light,  and  give  just  shade 
enough  to  the  heavy  ones  to  make  them  distinguishable. 
Form  the  letters  with  one  stroke  of  the  pen  or  pencil;  never 
go  back  to  touch  up  a  line. 


JOINING  CONSONANTS. 

10.   The  pen  or  pencil  should  not  be  lifted  in  writing  any 
group  of  consonants;  thus, 

pt  pch  pr  pp  pb  bp  mm 


nml  brk  fk  Ish  msh  fv          rl 


ii.      Two  or  more  consonants  joined  together  are  called 
an  outline. 


READING  AND  WRITING  EXERCISE. 


J^L^L 

"7     IX 


\JL 


12.  Read  the  exercise  several  times  through;  then  write 
it  over  and  over,  until  each  outline  can  be  written  accu- 
rately, and  read  without  hesitation. 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No.  1. 

I.  What  letters  are  written  both  upward  and  downward?  2.  I  low 
may  A\ir  and  C/inrlv  distinguished?  3.  In  what  direction  is  //always 
written?  4.  What  is  /  called  when  written  upward?  5.  In  what  direc- 
tion is  A'liy  always  written?  6.  What  is  an  outline?  7.  What  length 
of  stroke  is  recommended  for  the  consonants?  8.  In  what  direction  are 
horizontal  letters  written  ? 


Lesson  No.  2. 


WORD  SIGNS. 

13.  On  account  of  the  frequent  occurrence  of  certain 
words,  they  are  provided  with  brief  signs  in  order  that  they 
may  be  written  with  the  least  effort  and  utmost  speed.  In 
the  following  list,  each  word  is  represented  by  one  or  more 
of  its  leading  consonants. 

The  signs  are  written  in  three  positions;  (i)  above  the 
line,  (2)  on  the  line,  ( 3)  through  or  below  it.  The  hyphen 
indicates  that  the  sign  stands  for  two  words;  thus,  thank-ed 
represents  both  thank  and  thanked. 


hope 
.  be 
to  be 


it 


„./.. 


.  .  do 
.  had 
which 


them  or  they 

though  or  thou 


use  or  us 


_-_/.— much 

/.._ advantage 


.    .  use,  (pronounced  itze) 

wish  or  she 

shall  or  shalt 

usual-ly 

will  or  wilt 


/                                                    , 

commonly 

^^—    am  or  him 

come 

-      £(ive  or  given 
.   togeiher 

.    any  or  in 
.    .    ,    own 

for 

ever 
V         .    ,    have 

V.         however 
think 

x                          ...           awav 

L.                                           .    vour 

14.  The  above  list  should  be  written  until  every  word 
can  be  expressed  by  its  proper  sign,  and  in  its  proper  posi- 
tion, at  the  rate  of  at  least  fifty  a  minute.  The  ability  to 
read  the  signs  with  equal  rapidity  after  they  have  been 
written,  is  also  very  important. 


VOWELS. 

15.  Vowels  are  represented  by  light  and  heavy  dots,  and 
by  light  and  heavy  dashes.  These  are  written  in  three  posi- 
tions beside  the  consonant  strokes,  viz. :  in  the  first  place, 
or  opposite  the  beginning;  in  the  second  place,  or  opposite 
the  middle;  and  in  the  third  place,  or  opposite  the  end. 

14 


LONG  VOWELS— HEAVY  DOTS  AND  DASHES. 

Sound  Sign  Sound  Sign 

•  ™"l 

e ....  as  in  eat       aw  ....  .  as  in  all  or  laii' 

a       ....  ...   .as  in  ale       6 .    .  as  in  oat,  old 

ah ...   .  asin  J/?       oo    ....      _       ...  as  in  mood 

16.  The  T^stroke  in  the  above,  merely  serves  to  indicate 
the  position  of  the  vowel  but  is  no  part  of  it. 

1 7.  The  dots  and  dashes  do  not  represent  letters,   but 
sounds.     For  instance,  the  heavy  dot  opposite  the  beginning 
represents  only  the  long  sound  of  e,   as  in  eat,  eel,  etc. 
When  e  has  the  short  sound  (e/i),  as  in  ell,  fed,  her,  etc.,  it 
is  represented  by  a  different  sign  as  noted  hereafter. 

1 8.  In  learning  the  vowels,  remember  the  words  given 
as  examples  ;  they  will  serve  as  ' '  keys  ' '  in  case  of  doubt- 
ful sounds. 

19.  Since   Lay,   Ray,    and  h    (and   sometimes  s/i)   are 
written  upwards,  the  rirst  place  vowels  will  be  at  the  bottom 
of  these  strokes;  thus,    • 

law  raw  haw 


20.     All  words  are  spelled  by  sound,  and  all  silent  letters 
are  omitted. 


METHOD   OF   PLACING   THE   VOWELS. 

21.     A  vowel,   to  be   read  before  a  consonant,  must  be 
placed  above  a  horizontal  stroke,  or  at  the  left  of  any  other. 

15 


A  vowel,  to  be  read  after  a   consonant,    must  be  placed 
bclo:e  a  horizontal  stroke,  or  at  the  right  of  any  other. 

POSITION   OF  'WORDS. 

22.  The  consonant  outlines  of  words  are  written  in  three 
positions,  according  as  the  vowel — or,  if  more  than  one,  the 
accented  vowel — is  first,  second,  or  third  place.  The  first 
position  is  al>o:'e  the  line  ;  the  second  position  is  on  the  line  ; 
tlie  third  position,  for  perpendicular  and  inclined  strokes, 
through  the  line  ;  and  for  horizontals  behic  it;  thus, 
peak  became  boom  coo 


____________  V  -—  v  \ 

•  \     ' 

23.  When  a  word  is  composed  of  both  horizontal,  and 
perpendicular  or  inclined  strokes,  \\\e  first  perpendicular  or 
inclined  stroke  should  be  written  in  the  place  denoted  by 
the  accented  vowel  ;  thus, 

keep  Dakota  move         veto  Bailey 


^  X' 


READING   EXERCISE. 


2\.  The  foregoing,  and  all  subsequent  exercises,  should 
be  gone  over  until  they  can  be  read  quickly  and  accurately. 
The  most  rapid  progress  will  be  made  by  him  who  masters 
every  principle  and  exercise  as  he  goes  along,  and  reviews 
frequently  all  that  he  has  been  over. 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Write  the  following  words  in  their  proper  positions,  tak- 
ing care  to  make  the  consonants  the  same  size  as  those  in 
the  Reading  Exercise.  Make  the  heavy  dots  and  dashes 
with  one  stroke  of  the  pen  or  pencil.  Never  go  over  a  line. 
This,  and  each  subsequent  exercise,  should  be  written  from 
forty  to  fifty  times. 

Page,  mole,  pool,  meal,  ale,  peach,  reach,  rope,  aim, 
may,  each,  palm,  'came,  woo,  shaw,  shoo,  key,  league, 
shame,  leeway,  fear,  oath,  Esau,  thaw,  obey,  joke,  peep, 
beam,  dome,  doom,  meek,  teem,  cape,  leave,  below,  Zeno, 
gnaw,  dough,  awed,  knave. 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No.  2. 

I.  How  are  the  vowels  represented?  2.  What  represents  the  sound 
of  a?  3.  Of  <?/5?  4.  Of07<:>?  5.  In  how  many  positions  are  the  vowels 
written?  6.  Where  is  the  first  position?  7.  Where  must  a  vowel  be 
placed  to  be  read  before  a  consonant  stroke  ?  8.  What  is  the  third  position 
for  perpendicular  or  inclined  strokes  ?  9.  For  horizontals  ?  10.  Incase 
a  word  is  composed  of  both  horizontal,  and  perpendicular  or  inclined 
strokes,  which  would  be  written  in  the  position  denoted  by  the  accented 
vowel  ?  II.  Do  the  dots  and  dashes  represent  letters  or  sounds  ? 


Lesson  No.  3. 


IJCIIT  VOWELS. 


Sound.  Sign. 


I    . 


e  (<•//)   . 


Sign. 


as  in  it        (> 


.  as  in  /•.'(/  and  h<~r        \\ 


as  in  an  aiul  ,'</</' 
.    .    .   as  in  !//> 


ft  ....     as  in  at        on 


.    .    as    n 


25.  The  same  rules  apply  to  both  long  and  short  vowels. 
Repeat  the  sounds  both  forward  and  backward,  until  they 
can  be  given  quite  rapidly. 


VOWELS  BETWEEN  STROKES. 

26.  When  a  vowel  occurs  between  two  consonant  strokes 
it  should  lie  written:  (i)  After  the  first  stroke,  if  it  is  -A  first 
place,  or  long  second  place  vowel ;  thus, 

beam  rogue  dame         fear 


18 


(2.)     Before  the  second  stroke,   if  it  is  third  place,  or  a 
short  second  place  vowel  ;  thus, 

balm  rug  funny  far 


27.  The  above  rule  should  not  be  used  when  its  observ- 
ance would  bring-  a  vowel  into  an  angle,  as  in  camera  ;  the 
main  object  of  the  rule  being  to  keep  the  vowels  out  of  the 
angles. 


DIPHTHONGS. 

Sound.  Sign.  Sound.  Sign. 

V\  I 

7  ....  .     as  in  tee  and  (>v        on  ...       \\      .  as  in  out  and  owl 

A  •   •  I 

.    .  .  as  in  oil  and  boy    \    f'i<  ...       <|       .as  in  tine  and  hue 

28.  The  diphthongs  are  written  in  the  first  and  third 
positions  only.      They  are  governed  by  the  same  rules  as 
the  vowels. 

29.  When    two  vowels,   or  a  vowel  and  a   diphthong, 
occur  between  two  consonant  strokes,  it  is  advisable,  when- 
ever possible,  to  place  one  to  each  stroke  ;  thus, 

chaos  vowel  poem  Viola 

Cr 


30.     The  direction  and  position  of  the  diphthongs  are 
never  changed. 

19 


31.  When  convenient,   i  and  oy  may  be  joined  at  the 
beginning,  and  ou  and  ew  at  the  end  of  consonant  strokes. 

32.  When  two  vowels,   or  a  vowel  and  a  diphthong, 
have  to  be  written  to  one  consonant  stroke,  the  one  which 
comes  next  to  the  consonant  should  be  written  nearest  to 
it  ;  thus, 

Leo  Noah  towel  Maria 

_£L ^ , 


THE  PliOXOUN  I. 

33.  /,  when  standing  alone,  may  be  represented  by  the 
diphthong  z,  or,  better,  by  a  light,  perpendicular  tick  aborc 
the  line. 

1.  When  joined  to  a  following  word,   the  tick   takes 
the  direction  of^>  or  Chay. 

2.  When  joined  to  a  preceding  word,  the  tick  takes  the 
direction  of  /  or  k. 

I  I  will  I  think  if  I 

V, 


3.      Remember    that  /,    when  standing  alone,   or  when 
joined  to  a  following  word,  must  be  above  the  line. 


READING  EXERCISE. 


*     i    u      __j_ 

— r: u    S* 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Fussy,  shuck,  gash,  cash,  shaky,  gummy,  bevy,  putty, 
vivify,  veto,  bank,  gang,  cook,  gag,  gage,  catch,  bath, 
Fanny,  boom,  fang,  abed,  bung,  tongue,  many,  aback, 
budge,  coke,  life,  tiny,  beauty,  cue,  bellow,  Philo,  Mary, 
muddy,  puny,  item,  fume,  adieu,  Sue,  annoyed,  denude, 
Zion,  cubic,  Noah,  Ohio,  Genoa,  assume,  knife,  voyage, 
dial,  oceanic,  bayonet. 


VOWEL  WORD  SIGXS. 


all 
\ 


already 
awe  ougbt 


of 
\ 


on 
/ 


too  oh  who 

two  owe  whom  to  but  should 

___\ J _„_/ \  I / 


34.     The  dashes  should  be  made  only  one-fourth  the 
length  of  a  consonant  stroke. 


QUESTIONS -LESSON  No.  3. 

i.  Where  should  third  place  vowels  be  written  when  occurring  between 
two  consonant  strokes?  2.  Heavy  second  place?  3.  First  place? 
4.  I  low  long  should  the  dash  Vowel  word-signs  be  made?  5.  What  is 
the  difference  between  the  diphthong  signs  for  i  and  oy  ?  6.  In  what 
direction  does  the  sign  for  eiu  point  ?  7.  When  two  vowels  occur  between 
consonant  strokes,  how  is  it  customary  to  write  them  ?  8.  When  two 
vowels  have  to  be  written  beside  one  consonant  stroke,  how  do  you  denote 
which  is  read  first  ? 


BRIEF  SIGNS  FOR  S  AND  Z. 

35.  On  account  of  the  frequent  occurrence  of  s  and  2,  a 
brief  sign  is  provided  in  the  small  circle,  which  is  used  for 
either  s  or  2. 

36.  No  confusioVi  will  result  from  employing  the  small 
circle  for  both  s  and  2,    as  the  context  will  readily  show 
which  one  was  intended. 

37.  The  small  circle  is  called  Jss,  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  stroke,  which  is  called  Es. 

38.  When  joined  at  the  beginning  or  end  of  a  straight 
line,  the  circle  should  be  made  with  a  left  motion  —  contrary 
to  that  of  the  hands  of  a  watch  ;  thus, 

Iss-T         T-Iss         Iss-K  Iss-Ray  Iss-H  Iss-H-Iss 


39.  When  joined  at  the  beginning  of  h,  the  hook  is  made 
into  a  circle,  thus  forming  an  exception  to  the  foregoing 
rule.  See  preceding  illustration. 

Iss-h  is  never  used  for  sh  unless  a  vowel  occurs  between 
the  .r  and  h. 

23 


4O.     When  joined  at  the  beginning  or  end  of  a  curve,  the 
circle  is  written  on  the  concave  (inner)  side  ;  thus, 
Iss-f        The-Iss         M-Iss         Ar-Iss       Lay-Iss 

_i_    JL .<=* ^ r 


41.     When  the  circle  occurs  between  strokes,  it  should 
be  written  in  the  most  convenient  manner  ;  thus, 
Ray-Iss-K         M-Iss-N  N-Iss-M  F-Iss-Lay-T      F-Iss-El 


Between  two  straight  lines,  the  circle  will  come  outside 
the  angle. 


ST,  STR,  SEZ. 

42.  St  may  be  represented  by  a  small  loop,  called  Sti'h. 
joined  at  the  beginning  or  end  of  any  consonant  stroke ;  thus, 

Steh-T  F-Steh         state  boast  fast  rest 

P  L  -P  V  / 

I  Sa  Vi  I  X^ 

VST 

43.  A  circle  or  loop  at  the  beginning  of  an  outline  is 
readyfrj/,  at  the  end  of  an  outline,  last. 

44.  Str  may  be  represented  by  a  large  loop,  called  Ster; 
thus, 

faster      rooster         Hester  pastor  master         duster 

HS: ^ -~^-- -V-     --^ "k- 

I.     The  large  loop  is  never  joined  at  the  beginning  of  a 
word. 

24 


45-  The  large  circle,  called  Si'z,  is  used  to  represent 
two  ^  or  z  sounds,  with  a  vowel  between  them,  usually 
forming  a  syllable;  as  sys,  sus,  sis,  etc.  ;  thus, 

system  Susan  desist  races 


1.  The  vowel  is  written  inside  the  circle  without  regard 
to  position 

2.  It  is  unnecessary  to  insert  the  vowel  when  the  circle 
comes  at  the  end  of  a  word.     A  little  practice  will  enable 
the  student  to  omit  it  altogether. 

46.  The  small  circle  may  be  added  to  the  loops,  and  to 
the  large  circle;  thus, 

tests  dusters         possesses          jesters 

__JL  ......  .  .....  fc_  ........  Ja  _____________  #  ___________ 

47.  The  small  loop  is  also  used  to  represent  the  sound 
of  final  st,  and  zt,  as  heard  \\\  passed,  raced,  amazed,  dazed, 
etc. 

i.     It  should  be  noticed  that  many  words  ending  with  d 
take  the  sound  of/,  as  passed,  raced,  etc. 


USES  OF  S  AND  Z. 

48.     Use  the  strokes  in  the  following  cases  : 
i.     When  s  or  z  follows  an   initial  or  precedes  a  final 
vowel,  as  in 

escape          essence  racy  cosy 

_JU       -Ip-      -^ JDL. 


2.  At  the  beginning  of  a  word,  when  two  sounded  vow- 
els follow,  or  when  s  or  z  would  be  the  only  stroke  conso- 
nant in  the  word. 

science         seance         sayings         sciatica  cease  seize 


bL 


- 


Also  in  compound  words  formed  from  sea,   as  sea-sick, 
sea-service,  etc. 

3.  At  the  end  of  a  word,    when  two  sounded  vowels 
precede,  as  in  bias,  chaos,  etc. 

4.  When  the  sound  of  z  begins  a  word  it  must  be  rep- 
resented by  a  2  stroke;  thus, 

zest  zeal  zenith  Zona 

_^_   ^      .....L b. 

(a.)     Use  the  circle  in  all  other  cases. 


READING  EXERCISE. 

\  <?  \ '         \o  \.          \ 

f\ _:.„..>?. i_. 

**T?  L'       ^     t 


..    .  _,_.^ 

V   .  '      v 


-~~         -v--^ -^  -- 

.     C    ^ 


WKITING  EXERCISE. 

Soup,  spoke,  abuse,  revise,  device,  obtuse,  shows,  mason 
dusk,  suppose,  palms,  seal,  loosely,  dispose,  sketches, 
schemes,  cousin,  pathos,  chosen,  missile,  yes,  husky,  shies, 
oils,  Silas,  spies,  mouse,  step,  just,  nest,  stake,  stoop, 
steal,  stools,  stoops,  yeast,  stout. 

Pastor,  pester,    taster,    roaster,    castor,    coaster,   Lester, 
Baxter,    Rochester,     Custer,  lustre,  vases,  adduces,  loses, 
houses,  voices,    saucer,  sausage,  doses,    season,    exercise 
disease,  necessaries,  insist,  successive,  devices. 

Chests,  rests,  costs,  roasts,  exercises,  abscesses,  diseases, 
tasters,  excesses,  bossed,  paused,  effaced,  encased,  voiced, 
housed,  kissed,  missed,  appeased,  noosed,  asp,  assist,  asks, 
Asa,  easy,  oozy,  easily,  mazy,  gauzy,  lazy,  mossy,  lessee, 
lasso,  Jesse,  seaside,  Zeno. 

27 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No   4. 

I.  What  is  used  as  a  brief  sign  for  .r  and  z  ?  2.  A  circle  or  loop  at  the 
IK  ginning  of  an  outline  is  read  when?  3.  At  the  end  of  an  outline?  4. 
llmv  should  a  circle  be  written  when  joined  at  beginning  or  end  of  a 
straight  line?  5.  When  it  occurs  between  two  strokes?  6.  Where  will 
the  circle  come  when  it  occurs  between  two  straight  lines?  7.  What  does 
the  large  circle  represent?  8.  The  large  loop  represents  what ?  9.  Is 
the  large  loop  ever  joined  at  the  beginning  of  a  stroke?  10.  Give  the 
rules  for  the  use  of  the  s  and  z  stroke. 


Lesson  No.  5. 


USES  OF  All  AND  RAY  AT  THE  BEGINNING 
OF  A  WORD. 

49.  i.  After  an  initial  vowel  use  the  curve  sign  for  r 
when  it  is  the  only  stroke  consonant,  also  after  an  initial 
vowel  when  followed  by  p,  b,  k,  g,  r,  s,  m,  n,  /,  or  sh;  thus, 

array  orb  arm  error  arise 


2.     Also  for  r  preceding  m  in  such  words  as, 

Rome  farm  disarm  remiss  resume 


3.     Ray  should  be  used  in  nearly  every  other  case. 


AT  THE  END  OF  A  WORD. 

50.      i.     Use  the  curve  sign  for  final  r,  unless  the  pre- 
ceding stroke  is  th,  m,  or  Ray. 

2.  Also  for  final  rs,  when  no  vowel  occurs  between  the  r 
and  s;  thus, 

peer  dire  fire  buyers         desires  sours 

3.  Use  Ray  in  other  cases. 

29 


R  BETWEEN  STROKES. 

51.  The  general  rule  is  to  use  Ray  if  a  vowel  follows, 
andyir  if  one  does  not.    When  difficult  junctions,  or  loss  of 
speed  would  result,  use  whichever  may  be  most  convenient. 
Ray  should  follow  m,  tk,  and  Ray  in  all  cases. 

52.  The  foregoing  rules  are  very  important,  and  should 
be  so  thoroughly  memorized  that  they  can  be  applied  with- 
out hesitation.     A  careful  observance  of  them  will  insure 
uniformity  of  writing,  ease  of  reading,  and  greater  speed. 


1 1  HADING  EXERCISE 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Mirror,  ark,  arch,  Aurora,  curry,  berry,  bar,  rack,  rarer, 
arrow,  furry,  four,  jury,  ruin,  urge,  rich,  rake,  wretch,  rash, 
shower,  sower,  arena,  renew,  irate,  arnica,  aright,  Arabic, 

30 


oriole,  irony,  relay,  rag,  rainy,  ramify,  rapier,  sherry, 
ream,  bureau,  mgher,  marrow,  bar,  roar,  wrong,  rebuke, 
Peru,  Darrow,  Verona,  remedy,  steamer,  source,  barrier, 
furrier,  soar,  erased,  store,  storv,  lures. 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No.  5. 

I.  What  name  is  given  to  the  straight  line  for  ;-  ?  2.  What  name  is 
given  to  the  curved  sign  ?  3.  Is  the  straight  line  written  upward  or  down- 
ward ?  4.  Which  sign  is  used  when  m  follows  ?  5.  What  is  said  about 
the  use  of  r  between  strokes  ?  6  Give  rule  for  the  use  of  r  at  the  begin- 
ning of  a  word?  7.  The  curved  stroke  is  generally  used  for  final ;-,  except 
when  preceded  by  what  three  consonant  strokes  ? 


31 


Lesson  No.  6. 


USES  OF  EL   AND   LAY   AT  THE  BEGINNING 

OF    A    WORD. 

53.  i.  The  downward  stroke  should  generally  be  used 
when  /  is  preceded  by  an  initial  vowel,  and  followed  by  any 
consonant  that  can  be  conveniently  joined,  usually  k,  g> 
m,  n,  hs-n.  Ing,  or//  thus, 

alike  Elma  allege  alum 


2.  The  downward  /  may  also  be  used  to  advantage  for 
initial  /,  when  followed  by  n,  Sss-n,  or  Ing  ;  thus, 

Leon  lessen  lung  lank 

£ C C £_ 

3.  Use  Lay  in  all  other  cases. 


L   AT   THE   END   OF   A   WORD. 

54.      i.     The  downward  stroke  should  generally  be  used 
to*  final  /,  when  preceded  by  any  consonant  that  can  be  con- 
veniently joined,   usually/",  v,  n,  Ing,  k,  g,  or  Ray ;  thus, 
tile  vale  Nile  snail  scowl 


32 


2.  After  n  and  Ing  use  the  down  stroke,   whether  a 
vowel  follows  or  not. 

3.  Use  Lay  in  all  other  cases. 


L  BETWEEN   STROKES. 
55.     Use  whichever  one  will  give  the  better  junction. 


USES   OF   ISH  AND   SHAY. 

56.  Ish  is  written  downward,  and  S/iay,  upward. 

57.  i.     Shay  is  generally  used  when   preceded  or  fol- 
lowed by  /,  as  in  lash  or  shc/L 

2.  Shay  is  generally  used  when  preceded  by  t,  d,  or  f. 

3.  Ish  is  used  in  nearly  every  other  case. 


READING   EXERCISE. 


ZV  / x  i.^-      r 

.-  v- ------  K--H--K--  fci-'.— 1- 


^A^L^JL^L 


33 


WRITING   EXERCISES. 

Malay,  alchemy,  relay,  lace,  bell,  feel,  slack,  lame, 
knoll,  poll,  pale,  gull,  mealy,  kneel,  slash,  fowl,  ideal, 
elbow,  allayed,  loath,  thill,  ledge,  allure,  scale,  abolish,  foil, 
excels,  laces,  looser,  alimony,  fizzle,  muzzle,  lustre,  slashed, 
assail,  counsel,  Basil,  elm,  alarm,  solicit,  solve,  solitary, 
reveal,  comely,  tile,  weasel,  wisely,  police,  alack,  billow, 
illness,  null,  polish,  elope,  alibi,  Elias,  cowl,  viol. 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No.  U. 

I.  What  is  the  name  of  the  downward  stroke  for  I?  2.  What  is  the 
name  of  the  upward  stroke  ?  3.  El  should  be  used  at  the  beginning  of  an 
outline  when  ?  4.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  use  of  El,  final  ?  5.  What  is 
said  of  /  between  strokes  ?  6.  What  is  sh  called  when  written  downward? 
7.  When  written  upward  ?  8.  When  sh  is  followed  by  /,  should  Ish  or 
Shay  be  used  ?  9.  Which  should  be  used  when  /  precedes  sh  ?  10. 
Which  should  be  used  when  sh  follows  /  or  d? 


Lesson  No.  7. 


H  REPRESENTED  BY  A  DOT. 

58.     A  convenient  method  of  representing  h  before  a 
vowel,  is  by  a  light  dot  written  beside  the  vowel;  thus, 
head  hum  Hume  whistle  whey 


USES  OF  THE  II  STROKE. 

59.     Use  the  stroke  in  the  following  cases: 
i.     After  an  initial  vowel,  as  in  ahead  ;  also  when  it  is 
the  only  stroke  consonant  in  the  word;  thus, 

ahead  hay  hew  high 


2.     When  initial  h  is  followed  by  s,  as  in 

housed  hustle  hoister  hasp 


3.     When  initial  h  is  followed  by  a  vowel,  a  consonant, 
and  another  vowel,  as  in 

halo  harrow  holiday  Hollis 


35 


Also  when  followed  by  two  vowels,  as  in  Howell,  haying, 
etc. 

4.  For  initial  h  in  the  past  tense  of  verbs  of  one  syllable 
(unless  m  follows  //.);  as  in  hugged,  hacked,  heaped,  heated, 
etc. 

60.  Experienced   writers   almost    invariably   omit    the 
h-dot.     When  deemed  necessary,  the  vowel  following  the 
dot  is  inserted.     This,  together  with  the  context,  is  suffi- 
cient to  indicate  the  word. 

The  student,  from  the  beginning  of  his  writing,  should 
omit  the  dot,  at  least  from  all  familiar  words,  and  he  will 
soon  be  able  to  read  without  it. 

61.  Occasional  cases  may  arise  where  a  departure  from 
the  rules  for  the  use  of  /,  r,  h,  etc.,  will  give  some  special 
advantage  in  joining,  in  speed,  or  in  the  forming  of  deriva- 
tives; but  the  rules  here  given  will  be  found  to  cover,  in  the 
best  manner,  nearly  every  case. 


TIIK,  A,  AX.  A  AND. 

62.  The,  when  standing  alone,  should  always  be  repre- 
sented by  a  light  dot  in  the  first  position.  The  may  be 
joined  to  a  preceding  icord  by  a  light  tick,  written  in  the 
direction  of  p  or  Chay;  thus, 

for  the  bakes  the         knows  the      which  the        show  the 

7 


63.  A,  when  standing  alone,  is  represented  by  a  heavy 
dot  on  the  line.     A  may  be  joined  at  the  beginning-  or  end 
of  any  word,   by  a  light  perpendicular  or  horizontal  tick, 
thus, 

for  a  in  a  a  face  a  newsboy  ate  a 

.A, :±! ^> 

64.  An  or  and,  when  standing  alone,  is  represented  by 
a  light  dot  on  the  line.     Either  may  be  joined  at  the  begin- 
ning or  end  of  words,  by  -A.  perpendicular  or  horizontal  tick, 
the  same  as  a. 


TICK  FOR  HE. 

65.  The  pronoun  he  is  represented  by  a  light  tick  on 
the  line,  written  in  the  direction  of  p  or  ch.  It  maybe 
joined  to  a  preceding  or  following  word;  thus, 

he  will  he  may  for  he         he  should        should  he 

\j £^5, _S^ •-/ . fc. 


READING  EXERCISE. 


\. 

v  ____  n  _____  |  ___  .......  __^  ___  —  -V  ____ 


/~~>  X_          ^          Tf        r-P 

__________________________________  *-  ----  -  ____ 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Hops,  hooks,  hacks,  hawks,  hoed,  ham,  hate,  heel, 
whew,  wheezes,  hedge,  Hicks,  hums,  hunks,  hank,  halves, 
hubs,  hoops,  hides,  hang,  huckster,  horseshoe,  Ohio,  hoes, 
Hyson,  hussar,  Harris,  hazy,  hyacinth,  hurried,  housetop, 
hostile,  horrify,  horrid,  harassed,  highway,  hissing,  hobby- 
horse, honey-box,  pass  the,  wish  the,  leave  the,  fix  the,  but 
the,  and  should,  should  an,  owe  a. 


WORD  SIGNS- 

X^       several 

CONTRACTIONS. 

~/.\5—  .       .    .   refers  or  reference 

»            highly 

<? 

.-™J__  ....    notwithstanding 

(,          this 

_^ZC_  •          ...     nevertheless 

\         object-ed 

__X«  objector 

^ 
—  A  —  peculiar-ity 

<9                                               first 

i              ......    irrpfmlnr.ity 

^ 

.  /  recjular-itv 

.   influences 

s~^^    something 

influenced       — <- — ^— represent-ed 

acknowledge  - nothing 

anything       is  as,  or  is  his 

Q 

knowledge       — his  is,  or  his  has 

become  '     — -G as  his,  or  as  is 

I 

.... -Jb disadvantage  )- —    ....  has  his,  or  has  as 

Ss_ never       — ^ — ^ — now 

_x^^~ familiar-ity      — ^=~- '— • ne~v 

_/n..\ — refer-red       — X .  .   forever 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No.  7. 

I.  How  many  ways  are  there  of  representing  h  ?  2.  Give  the  rules 
for  the  use  of  the  h  stroke.  3.  When  is  Iss-h  used  ?  4.  Is  it  usually 
necessary  to  write  the  dot  for  h?  5.  How  is  the  word  the  represented 
when  written  alone?  6.  May  the  tick  for  the  be  joined  to  following 
words  ?  -j.  A,  when  standing  alone,  is  represented  how  ?  8.  May  a  be 
joined  to  both  preceding  and  following  words  ?  9.  What  distinction  is 
there  between  the  tick  for  the  and  the  tick  for  a,  an  or  and? 


Lesson  No.  8. 


BRIKF  SK;XS  FOR  \V. 

66.     For  convenience  and  speed,    w  is  represented  by 
three  brief  signs,  the  hook,  and  two  semi-circles,  called 
Weh  Wuh 


THE  W  HOOK. 

67.      W  may  be  joined  as  a  hook  to  five  strokes  :  Lay, 
El,  Ray,  in,  andw/  thus, 

wail  welcome  queer  we  may  twain 


\VKII   AND  WUH. 

68.     These  signs  may  be  joined  to  any  consonant  (except 
1i)  not  taking  the  W  hook. 

(a)  Use  whichever  will  give  the  better  junction,  usually 
Weh.  The  sign  should  form  an  angle  with  the  consonant 
to  which  it  is  joined  ;  thus, 

wash  weak  Waith  wade  wing 

JL     ..A 

40 


ISS  JOINED  TO  BRIEF  W. 

69.     The  small  circle  may  be  joined  to   IVeh  and   Wuh, 
and  to  the    W  hook  on  Ray  ;  thus, 

switch  unswayed  swirl 

7  ^5 

/  - 


(a)     A  slight  flattening  of  the  circle  when  so  added  will 
produce  easier  joinings  and  better  results. 


GUIDE  TO  THE  USE  OF  THE  W-HOOK. 

70.  Use  the  Hook  in  the  following  cases  . 

1.  For  initial  w  when  followed  by  /,  r,  m,  or  n. 

2.  For  initial  ,ra>  preceding  r. 

3.  For  w  between  two  consonants,  the  second  of  which 
is  Lay,  Ray,  m,  or  n,  providing  the  hook  can  be   easily 
joined. 

GUIDE   TO   USE  OF  WEH  AND  WUH  JOINED. 

71.  Use  Weh  and  Wuh  joined: 

1 .  For  initial  w,   unless  followed  by  the  consonants,  /, 
r  ,  m,  n,  J,  or  z,  or  the  combinations, y?,  //,  pr,  chr,  etc. 

2.  When  initial  so/  is  followed  by  /,  d,  Chay,  j,  f,  v,  or 
M. 

3.  Sometimes  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  as  in  inweave. 


BRIEF  SIGNS  FOR  Y. 
72.      Y  has  two  brief  signs  : 

Yek,  opening  upward,  and  yuh,  opening  downward. 


73-  Use  Ych  or  Ynh  as  is  most  convenient,  but  join  so 
as  to  form  an  angle  with  the  consonant  to  which  it  is 
attached  ;  thus, 

yon  yell  unyoke  youngster         Yates 

vX  ---  s-  -      VJ 


74.  Ye  A  and  Ynh  are  usually  joined  for  initial  j',  unless 
followed  by  s,  but  rarely  for  y  between  strokes. 

75.  The  foregoing  rules  for  the  use  of  Brief  JFand    Y, 
refer  to  these  signs  when  joined  to  the  consonant  strokes. 
In  a  following  chapter  they  will  be  given  disjoined.       Care 
must  be  taken  not  to  get  them  confused.     Let  these  be  thor- 
oughly mastered  before  proceeding  further. 


READING  EXERCISE. 


WRITING   EXERCISE. 

Well,  wall,  wheel,  whale,  war,  wiry,  warlike,  windy, 
twin,  wealthy,  worse,  Welsh,  whine,  whence,  wines,  wiles, 
unworthy,  unwearied,  quarry,  wearily,  weaver,  warp, 
warmth,  warwhoop,  warty,  welfare,  wheat,  wad,  white,  weak- 
nesses, whitewood,  waxes,  waggish,  waive,  wallower,  walk, 
whack,  wingless,  whip,  white- cap,  whitewash,  white- wine, 
whiteness,  wood-house,  swarthy,  sweat,  sweetness,  swearer, 
sweet-wood,  sweetish,  yellow,  yacht,  yam,  Eunice,  yawns. 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No.  8. 

I.  W has  how  many  brief  signs  ?  2.  What  is  the  one  called  opening 
to  the  right  ?  3.  To  what  strokes  may  the  hook  be  joined  ?  4.  To  the 
IV  hook  on  what  letter  may  the  small  circle  be  joined?  5.  Give  the  rules 
for  the  use  of  the  hook  ?  6.  How  must  Weh  and  Wuh  be  joined  to  the 
consonant  strokes  ?  7.  How  many  brief  signs  has  y?  8.  How  must 
they  be  joined  to  the  strokes  ? 


USES  OF  THE  W  STROKE. 

76.     Use  the  stroke  for  w: 

1.  When  it  is  the  only  consonant  in  the  word. 

2.  After  an  initial  vowel  : — 

awoke                 await  Owego  Iowa 
X_ >|. 

3.  For  initial  w  preceding  ^  as  in 

waste  wiser  wisely  whiskey 

v  _y 

_* ^ v v __ 

4.  For  w  following  initial  s,  they  being  the  only  conso- 
nants, or  being  followed  by  any  stroke  (r  excepted)  that  can 
be  easily  joined,  usually,  p,  6,  k,  g,  th,  /,  m,  n,  ng ;  thus, 

sweep  swing  swathe  swale 


^ 


77.  The  use  of  the  stroke  will  also  be  found  convenient 
when  w  is  followed  byy?,  z1/,  dl,  pr,  etc.,  as  in  waffle,  weevil, 
sweeper,  etc.,  explained  in  a  following  chapter. 

44 


USES  OF  THE  Y  STROKE. 

78.      Use  the  ^stroke  in  the  following  cases: 

1.  When  it  is  the  only  stroke-consonant  in  the  word,  or 
when  it  is  followed  by  s,  as  in  yes,  yeast,  etc. 

2.  When  it  follows  an  initial  vowel,  as  in  oyer. 


BRIEF  W  AND  Y  IN  THE  VOWEL  PLACES. 

79.  W^or  Y,  and  a  following  vowel,  may  often  be  advan- 
tageously represented  by  writing  brief  W  or  Y  in  the 
place  of  the  vowel ;  thus, 

dwell  twist  lawyer  quick  quota 


80.  W  and    Y,  and  a   following   diphthong,    may   be 
treated  the  same  as  W^and   Kand  a  following  vowel. 

81.  Brief  IV or  Y,  may  be  joined  to  the  diphthong,  signs. 

82.  If  the  vowel  following  the  w  or  y  is  a  dot  vowel,  use 
Weh  or  Yeh  as  the  case  may  be;  if  it  is  a  dash  vowel,  use 
Wuh  or  Yuh;  thus, 


we  or  wi 
way  or  weh 
wah  or  wa 


waw  or  wo 
wo  or  wuh 
woo  or  woo 


ye  or  yi 

ya  or  yeh 
yah  or  ya 


yaw  or  yo 
yo  or  yuh 
yoo  or  yoo 


83.  The  semi-circles  may  be  shaded  for  the  long  vowels 
if  great  accuracy  is  required.  This  distinction,  however,  is 
regarded  as  wholly  unnecessary. 

45 


84.  The  Hrief  \V  Disjoined,  is  used  principally  for  w 
between  consonants,  where  the  hook,  or  semi-circle,  could 
not  be  joined  to  advantage;  as  in  twist,  du'dl,  quick,  etc. 

85.  Brief  Y  Disjoined,  is  used  comparatively  little, 
it  generally   being   considered    preferable   to  join    ($   sf> 
excepted)  where  the  junction  will  permit. 

86.  Brief  y  may  also  be  advantageously  employed  to 
represent  two  vowel  sounds,  the  first  of  which  is  z  or  e  ;  thus, 


ya    for  ia,  as  in  opiate 


va      "  in,      "       Arahia 


87.  While  the  employment  of  brief  Y,  as  above  illus- 
trated, does  not  exactly  represent  the  vowel  sounds,  it  so 
nearly  does  so,  as  to  fulfill  all  requirements,  and  result  in 
the  saving  of  one  vowel,  and  sometimes  one  stroke  conso- 
nant, as  in  the  word  "various. 

ITNCTUATION,  PROPER  NAMES,  ACCENT,  ETC. 

88.  Punctuation.    The  following  are  all  the  punctua- 
tion marks  commonly  used  in  shorthand  notes: 

Period /or  x 

Interrogation ....        /  or  / 


Parenthesis 
I  »ash    . 


If. 


Sg.     If  other  punctuation  is  desired,  the  ordinary  charac- 
ters may  be  used 

90.  Proper  Names  or  Capital  Letters,    may   be 

indicated  by  placing  two  lines  beneath  the  name  or  charac- 
ter ;  thus, 

Jennie  James  H.  Cope  Illinois 

91.  Emphasis  may  be  indicated,   as  in  longhand,  by 
drawing  one  or  more  lines  under  the  emphasized  word. 

92       Accent  may  be  indicated  by  placing  a  small  cross 
near  the  accented  vowel  ;  thus, 

August  august 

\^ 

WORD-SIGNS—CONTRACTIONS. 

c  I  f~ 

; we  or  witli  .  .  .  we  will,  or  while 

.....c were  ...' we  are 

what  „__£/_ where 

3  would  ./..._. aware 

ye  _  .  we  may,  or  with  me 

u  yet  ...  when,  or  we  know 

__.„_. beyond  —  -TTV.. whenever 

n you  ..C/.V. ._  •  •  -  •  •  •  wherever 


NOTE: — We,  beginning  a  phrase,  always  takes  the  first 
position. 


READING  EXERCISE. 


WRITING   EXERCISE. 

Woe,  weigh,  awaits,  awhile,  west,  whist,  wooes,  wheeze, 
wist,  swab,  swap,  swath,  yaw,  oyez,  yeast,  yester-eve,  yes- 
terday, quail,  squeal,  bewail,  twitch,  twists,  equipage,  equi- 
poise, bilious,  superior,  odium,  maniac,  ague,  nephew, 
argue. 


QUESTIONS— LESSON   No.   9. 

I.  How  many  rules  are  there  for  the  use  of  the  w  stroke  ?  2.  Give 
them,  with  an  illustration  of  each  rule.  3.  Give  the  sound  represented  by 
brief  IV  in  the  place  of  a.  4.  Give  the  rules  for  the  use  of  the  _>'  stroke. 
5.  If  the  vowel  following  the  brief  W  is  a  dash  vowel,  which  should  be 
used,  Wch  or  With  ?  6.  When  is  the  brief  W  disjoined,  used  ?  7. 
Brief  Y  may  also  be  used  to  represent  what  ?  8.  How  may  an  accented 
vowel  l^e  denoted  ?  9.  What  marks  are  used  for  the  period  ?  10.  How 
is  the  dash  made  ? 

48 


Lesson  No.  10. 


L   HOOK. 

93.  A  small  initial  hook  on  the  upper  side  of  k  and  g, 
and  the  right  side  of  any  dowmuard  straight  line  adds  // 
thus, 

kl  gl  pi  bl  tl  dl  chl          jl 

c_    *_      v  \      r     f     /    / 

1 .  A  small  initial  hook  on  the  concave  side  of/",  v,   ///, 
s/t,  and  2/1  adds  //  thus, 

fl  vl  thl  shl  zhl 

V       ^         C  C  ^ 

2 .  A  large  initial  hook  on  m,  n,  and  Ray  adds  /.     The 
hook  should  be  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  consonant 
stroke;  thus, 

ml  nl  rl 


THREE  THINGS  TO   REMEMBER  ABOUT  THE 
L  HOOK. 

94.     I.     That  it  is  always  at  the  beginning  of  a  con- 
sonant stroke. 

49 


2.  That   it    is    on   the  right  side  of  downward  straight 
lines  and  the  upper  side  oik  and^. 

3.  That  it  must  be  made  large  on  m,  n,  and  Ray,  to  be 
distinct  from  the  If  hook  on  the  same  letters. 


R  HOOK. 

95.      A  small  initial  hook  on  the  lower  side  of  ft  and  g, 
and  the  leit  side  of  any  dow nward  straight  /me  adds  r;  thus, 

l<r  gr  pr          br  tr  dr  chr         jr 

\  1  1 

i.     A  small  initial  hook  on  an  inverted  f,  v,   or  th  adds 
r;  thus, 

fr  vr  thr 

^  )      ) 

The  above  characters  cannot  be  confused  with  Ar,  w,  s, 
or  z,  because  these  strokes  never  take  an  initial  hook. 

A  small  initial  hook  on  a  shaded  m  or  n  adds  r;  thus, 
mr  nr  rumor  dinner 

£—~s'  ^— — ' 


A  small  hook  at  the  top  of  sh  and  ^/;  adds  r;  thus, 

^lir  zhr  shriek  measure 


50 


GENERAL  USE  OF  L  AND  R  HOOKS. 

96.  The  L  and  R  hooks  are  used  principally  when  no 
vowel — or  but  a  slightly  sounded  one— would  occur  between 
the  consonant  and  hook  ;  as  in 

play  blame  broom  payable  final 


97.  VOCALIZATION.  A  consonant  with  an  L  or  R 
hook  is  vocalized  the  same  as  a  simple  consonant  sign,  but 
the  hook  must  be  read  after  the  stroke.  See  examples 
above. 


IMPERFECT  HOOKS. 

98.  It  is  not  always  possible  to  make  a  perfect  hook 
between  strokes,  but  a  slight  retracing  of  the  preceding  con- 
sonant will  indicate  the  hook  ;  thus, 

chipper         dimmer  ripple  gable  baker 


CAUTION. 

99.  The  R  hook  on  m  and  n  must  be  made  small,  and 
the  m  and  n  shaded,  or  confusion  will  result  with  the  W 
and  L  hooks  on  the  same  letters.  Note  difference  : 

nr  mr  wn  wm  nl  ml 


51 


100.  Remember  that  s/ttand  z/ithave  their  hooks  at  the 
bottom,  and  are  always  written  upward.     Shr  and  zhr  have 
their  hooks  at  the  top,  and  are  always  written  downward. 

101.  When  sh  and  /  are  the  only  sounded  consonants  in 
a  word,  the  stroke  for  /is  generally  preferable  to  the  hook. 

102.  In  speaking  of  the  hooked  consonants,  always  call 
them  by  name.     The  name  may  be  ascertained  by  sound- 
ing the  vowel  e   (eh)  between  the  letters  represented  by 
the  consonant  and  hook  ;  thus, 

Pel          MSr         Nd  R<5l         CbSl         Wer         Shfir         F6r 

\          ^  e^  C/  /"  </          J          ^ 


READING  EXERCISE. 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Shriek,  crawl,  cream,  breeder,  teacher,  decry,  trigger, 
truck,  dinner,  trifle,  buckle,  cluster,  rimmer,  legally,  book- 
maker, bevel,  shaker,  drier,  maker,  clatter,  bleacher,  author, 
thrust,  glazes,  appraise,  glossy,  fluid,  knocker,  kennel, 
crush,  freely,  eagerly,  thickly,  trash,  jobber,  animal,  meas- 
ures, feathery,  broker,  fly-wheel,  peddle,  freshly,  freer, 
thrash,  throb,  deathly,  oblige,  drawer,  precise,  swagger, 
slipper,  smuggle,  stunner,  stumble,  blacker,  flashily,  loafer, 
flesh,  drummer,  camel,  final,  outfly,  pepper,  neuralgia, 
philosophy,  thrasher,  spinner,  bleacher,  bramble,  nimble, 
tremble,  broader,  funnel,  clams,  joggle,  thrush,  reclaim, 
swaddle,  switcher,  replace,  rubbers,  cooperage,  bluster, 
fluster,  shrug,  thresh,  closed,  glazed,  classed,  oppressed, 
depressed,  propose. 

QUESTIONS— LESSON  No.  10. 

I.  A  small  initial  hook  on  the  upper  side  of  k  and g  stands  for  what  ? 
2.  What  is  meant  by  an  initial  hook  ?  3.  A  small  initial  hook  on  the 
right  side  of  downward  straight  lines  represents  what  ?  4.  Z  may  be 
added  by  a  hook  to  what  curve- consonants  ?  5.  What  is  the  difference 
between  Mer  and  Mel ?  6.  How  many  initial  hooks  have  n  and  m  ?  7. 
What  is  the  general  rule  for  the  use  of  the  Z  and  R  hooks  ?  8.  What  is 
said  about  imperfect  hooks  ?  9.  Explain  the  difference  between  Sher  and 
She  I.  to.  Can  an  Z  or  R  hook  be  read  before  the  consonant  to  which  it 
is  attached  ? 

53 


Lesson  No.  11. 


SPECIAL   I'SK  OF   L  AND  R  HOOKS. 

103.  Long  and  inconvenient  outlines  may  frequently  be 
avoided  by  the  use  of  L  and  R  hooks,  even  when  there  is  a 
distinct  vowel  sound  between  the  /  or  r  and  the  preceding 
consonant,  as  \\\germ,  recourse,  etc. 

104.  VOCALIZATION.       In  placing  a  vowel  that  is  to  be 
read  bchccfu.  a  consonant  stroke  and  an  L  or  R  hook,    ob- 
serve the  following: 

i.      Dots  are  made  into  circles  and    written    before    tin- 
stroke  if  the  vowel  is  long  ;  after,  if  short;  thus, 

dearer  merely  shellac  tearless 


When  the  above  rule  would  bring  the  circle  into  an 
angle,  as  in  shark,  it  should  be  disregarded  and  the  circle 
written  in  the  most  convenient  manner. 

2.     Dashes  are  struck  through  the  stroke;  thus, 

Turk  doorway  correct  coarsely 


3.     Diphthongs  and  semi-circles  may  be  struck  through, 
or  written  at  the  beginning  or  end  of  the  stroke  ;  thus, 

qualify  procure  figures 


ISS  PREFIXED  TO  AN  L  HOOK. 

105.     Jss  may  be  joined  to  an   /,  hook  by  a  slightly 
flattened  circle  written  within  the  hook  ;  thus, 

supply  civil  briskly  disclaim  gospel 

X         'V          V. 


CAUTION.     Neither  the  large  circle,  nor  the  Stch  or  Ster 
loop  is  prefixed  to  the  L  hook. 


ISS,  SEZ,  AND  STEH  PREFIXED  TO  R  HOOKS. 

106.     Writing  a  small  circle  in  place  of  the  R  hook  on 
straight  lines  prefixes  s;  a  large  circle,  s-s;  thus, 
straw  seeker  suppress  sister 

..........  I  ...............  t  ......  _  .....  *.  _______________  1-  ...... 

2.   Writing  a  small  loop  in  place  of  the  hook  prefixes  sf. 

stutter  stupor  steeper  stitcher 


55 


CAUTION.     The  Stcr  loop  is  never  prefixed  to  an  R  hook. 

2.  Between/,  b,  t,  d,  c/t,j,  and  kr  and^v,  s  is  added  by 
making  the  circle  on  the  right  side  of/,  b,  etc.,  and  joining 
the  k  or  g  from  the  top  of  the  circle;  also  between  ck,j,  and 
pr  or  &r,  by  joining/  or  b  in  the  same  manner. 

superscribe  disgrace  subscriber  Jasper 

v\ u         \.. 


4.  Iss  or  Sez  may  be  prefixed  to  the  R  hook,  between 
two  straight  lines  in  the  same  direction,  by  turning  the  cir- 
cle on  the  lower  side  of  k  or  g,  and  on  the  left  side  of  any 
other  stroke;  thus, 

execrable  prosper  disaster  destroy         Boasberg 

-"^ \ J:_.        JL V 


5.  In  other  cases  the  circle  is  prefixed  by  writing  it  dis- 
tinctly within  the  hook;  thus, 

extra  passover  designer  listener 

_.±L  .  t         C 

\ 

107.  Of  the  curved  R  hook-signs,  n  is  the  only  one  tak- 
ing initial  Iss;  hence,  the  r  in  such  words  as  summer,  suffer > 
etc.,  should  be  expressed  by  a  stroke,  not  with  a  hook. 

sinner  sooner  summer  suffer 


io8.     NAMES.     Per,   Bel,   Kel,   Ter,   Ner,   etc.,  with  As- 
prefixed  should  be  called 

Iss-Per  Iss-Pel  Iss-Kel  Iss-Ter         Iss-Xer,  etc. 


It  more  convenient,  and  the  syllable  can  be  easily  spoken, 
they  may  be  called  Sper,  Spel,  Skel,  etc. 


READING  EXERCISE. 


o, 

-—&-\— 


V    M: 

>. — P-V 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Turk,     coal-black,    coarsely,     burst,     charm,     foolscap, 
occurs,  shark,  shares,  gore,   careless,  church,   apple-tree, 

57 


portray,  sea- shore,  filigree,  filthy,  fork,  firmly,  film,  forsake, 
forkless,  term,  car,  curb,  chirp,  pearl,  carboy,  appear, 
sharp,  pioneer,  courage,  foolish,  slavery,  skirmish,  endures, 
ungear,  verily,  torch,  qualify,  unfurl,  curable,  paralyze, 
sobriety,  smoker,  soaker,  sunstruck,  supplies,  suppressor, 
superinduce,  traceable,  taxidermist,  speaker,  secrecy, 
strainer,  stopper,  stripper,  outstretch,  pasture,  moisture, 
settle,  descry,  discourage,  suitor,  feasible,  scare,  depositor, 
distressed,  supervisal,  disagreeable,  blissful,  scrabble. 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No.  11. 

I .  H  ow  should  a  dot  vowel  be  written  so  as  to  be  read  between  a  stroke 
and  hook  ?  2.  When  a  is  to  be  read  between  a  stroke  and  hook,  where  do 
you  place  it  ?  3.  How  do  you  indicate  that  o  is  to  be  read  between  a  stroke 
and  hook  ?  4.  How  must  diphthongs  and  semi-circles  be  written  so  as  to 
be  read  between  the  hook  and  stroke  ?  5.  How  is  Sss  prefixed  to  an  initial 
A'  hook  on  straight  lines  ?  6.  Is  Jss  prefixed  to  the  R  hook  on  »i,f,  T,  and 
th  when  the  hook  is  initial  ?  7.  How  may  Iss  be  added  to  an  L  hook  ? 
8.  How  may  st  be  prefixed  to  an  R  hook  on  straight  lines?  9.  Is  the 
Ster  loop  ever  prefixed  to  a  hook?  10.  How  is  r  represented  between 
D-Iss  and  K ?  1 1.  How  is  Iss  prefixed  to  an  R  hook  between  two  straight 
lines  in  the  same  direction  ? 


58 


Lesson  No.  12. 


ENLARGED  L  AND  II  HOOKS. 

109.     L  may  be  added  to  an  R  hook  by  making  the 
hook  twice  the  usual  size. 

no.     R  may  be  added  to  a  small  L  hook  by  making 
the  hook  twice  the  usual  size. 

April  mackerel  abler  dabbler 

........    -  .................  ™  .................  S_  ........ 


in.  .5*  may  be  prefixed  to  an  enlarged  L  or  R  hook  by 
writing  the  circle  distinctly  within  the  hook. 

112.  When  a  vowel  is  placed  after  a  consonant  stroke 
with  an  enlarged  hook,  it  is  read  between  the  /  and  r.  See 
April  and  abler  in  preceding  illustration. 

113  P,  with  an  enlarged  R  hook,  may  be  called  Prel; 
with  an  enlarged  L  hook,  Pier:  K  with  an  enlarged  Z, 
hook,  Kler;  with  an  enlarged  R  hook,  Krel;  etc.,  etc.  If 
the  circle  is  prefixed,  then,  Iss-Prel,  Iss-Pler,  etc. 


IN,  UN,  OR  EN. 

1 14.     The  initial  syllable,  in,  tin,  or  en,  when  followed  by 
Iss,  may  be  prefixed  by  a  curved  hook,  called  the  In  hook. 

59 


I.      To  any  straight  line  7?  hook-sign;  occasionally  to  an 
L  hook-sign  :  thus, 

unstring  en.sober  uncivilized  unsettle 

X  v  •(* 


2.     To   any  other  consonant,  to  avoid  turning  the  circle- 
on  the  back  of  X;  thus, 

unsullied  unseemly  unsurmised 

n        • 

READING  EXERCISE. 

... 

-^ 

V 

->  /L   v     -r~-n  t 

..\ 
GV       f 

r     N      _     ^rv  ^^    V, 

-Vp^j). 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Pickerel,  temporal,  lustral,  timbrel,  Charles,  gambler, 
clearness,  colorless,  smuggler,  stickler,  clerical,  saddler, 
clergy,  nibbler,  ocular,  buckler,  straggler,  cobbler,  tippler, 


60 


tattler,  implore,  flourish,  giggler,  glare,  implorer,  jocular, 
jumbler,  spicular,  mangier,  leveler,  simpler,  scribbler,  un- 
struck,  unsociable,  insecurely,  enslave,  enscroll,  insuper- 
able, unswung,  enslaver. 


WORD  SIGNS— CONTRACTIONS. 


.  .  till,  tell,  it  will 
....  until,  at  all 
.  .  .  call,  equally 
....  difficult-y 

full,  fully 

, value 

.  principle,  principal 


.    .  everv.  verv 


surprise 

.member,  remember 

....    number-ed 

dear 

.truth 

during 


—  through 

_  .  .  their,  there,  they  are 

.  .  .  ' other 

_ sure,  surely 

pleasure 

.     .    .   .   Mr.,  mere,  remark 


,  near,  nor 


Mrs. 

Messrs. 

capable 


61 


-o-7~ care  influential 

°\  "\ 

from  - proper 

CN  \ 

- over  —N — capability 

•V 

"3_o~- transgress  X         probable-ility 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No.  12. 

I.  Enlarging  an  R  hook  adds  what  ?  2.  Enlarging  a  small  L  hook 
adds  what  ?  3.  How  may  Iss  be  prefixed  to  an  enlarged  L  or  K  hook  ? 
4.  When  a  vowel  is  placed  after  a  consonant  with  an  enlarged  hook, 
where  is  it  read?  5.  What  name  would  you  give  to  /,  </,  A,.i,r,  with  an. 
enlarged  L  hook  ?  6.  Write  Iss-Klcr,  hs-Blei\  hs-Brcl,  and  Iss-Nerl. 
J.  How  may  initial  /;/,  tin,  or  ,-n  be  represented  ?  8.  To  what  may  the 
In,  L'n,  and  En  hooks  be  joined?  9.  What  name  is  given  to  these 
hooks  ? 


Lesson  No.  13. 


FINAL  HOOKS  FOR  F,  V,  AND  N. 

115.     A  small  hook  at  the  end,  and  on  the  circle  side  of 
any  straight  line  consonant,  adds/"  or  v;  thus, 

puff  cover  rave  huff  chief 


With  the  aid  of  the  context,  and  a  little  practice,  no 
confusion  will  result  from  employing  the  same  hook  for 
/"and  v. 

1  1  6.  A  small  hook  at  the  end  of  any  straight  line  con- 
sonant, and  opposite  the  circle  side,  adds  n;  thus, 

den  cleaner  ran  gun  chin 

I-  ^A  ^ 

---------  J  ---------  .....  .__2v_  _________  ..yf>:.  ____________  p  _________________________ 

This  will  bring  the  N  hook  on  the  under  side  of  k,  g, 
Ray,  and  h,  and  on  the  left  side  of  all  other  straight  strokes. 

117.  A7"  may  also  be  added  to  any  curve  by  a  small  final 
hook  on  the  inner,  or  concave  side;  thus, 

fine  vainer  minute  Orrin  assign 

........  ^  ..............  s*  .........  _±..._A  ..........  1  .......  _ 

1  1  8.  The  /"or  V  hook  is  rarely  added  to  a  curve  sign, 
and  then,  usually,  to  denote  the  addition  of  have. 

63 


119.  VOCALIZATION.     A  vowel  placed  after  a  stroke 
with  an  F,  V,  or  N  hook,  must  be  read  bchcccn  the  stroke 
and  the  hook.     In  other  words,  the  hook  must  be  read 
after  any  vowel  placed  beside  the  stroke.     See  preceding 
illustration. 

120.  USE  THE  STROKE  for/,  v,  or  n  whenever  these 
letters  precede  -A  final  vowel,  as  in 

coffee  purify    '  funny  bevy 


ALSO  when/",  ?',  or  n  precedes  a  vowel  and  final  s,  as  in 
diffuse  profuse  revise  denies 


CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS  ADDED  TO  FINAL 
HOOKS. 

121.  S  may  be  added  to  the  .Pand  V  hooks,  and  to  the 
TV  hook  on  curves,  by  writing'  the  small  circle  distinctly 
within  the  hooks;  thus, 

raves  puffs  means  funs  thins 

.....      •  56.-  .........  ^-  .............  W- 

122.  S,  s-s,  s/,  or  sir  may  be  added  to  the  N  hook 
on  any  straight  line,  by  writing  their  respective  signs  in 
place  of  the  hook  ;  thus, 

pens  Kansas  chanced  spinster  glanced 


64 


123.  The  loops  and  the  large  circle  are  never  added  to 
the  For  V hooks.  CAUTION.  The  loops  and  large  circle 
are  never  added  to  the  A^hook  behcccn  strokes. 

The  small  circle  may  be  added,  but  only  when  it  can  be 
distinctly  written  within  the  hook;  thus, 


lonesome 


ransack 


124.  When  the  w  stroke  takes  a  final  hook  it  should  be 
called  Way ;  thus,  Iss-  Wayn  or  Swayn  is  the  name  of  the 
outline  for  Szvoon. 


READING  EXERCISE. 


V 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Gave,  rave,  roof,  staffs,  braver,  cough,  rebuffs,  call, 
siphon,  heaves,  cloves,  roofless,  divers,  cleaver,  edified, 
devoid,  devote,  graver,  engraves,  reverse,  drives,  endeav- 
ors, beverage,  gloves,  retrieves,  bee-hives,  prefers,  prefer- 
ences, rougher,  typhoon,  fan,  mine,  cone,  ran,  span,  door- 
man, wooden,  urn,  swan,  economy,  vainer,  cleanly,  brown- 
ish, vacancy,  piquancy,  dens,  dances,  danced,  punish, 
French,  quinsy,  gleans,  Spencer,  shines,  ozone,  tenth, 
thrones,  pancake,  thinish,  spinsters,  bobbins,  frowns,  liken, 
knee-pan,  kinsman,  cancer,  sustain,  swollen,  trepan,  turban, 
unclean,  uncrown,  undriven,  unanimous,  volcanic,  warn, 
yarn,  sevens,  profane,  furnish,  ferns,  adjourn,  advances, 
serenely,  stanza,  expanse,  tenses,  prance,  trances,  ingrain, 
wagons,  melons,  Lancaster,  mechanic,  enthrone,  enlivens, 
silken,  moonshine,  appertain,  oceans,  lemonade,  moss- 
grown,  monopoly,  sweeten,  bounced. 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No.  13. 

I.  What  dors  a  small  book  at  the  end,  and  on  the  circle  side  of  a 
straight-line  consonant  represent?  2.  A  small  hook  on  straight  lines,  and 
opposite  the  circle  side  represents  what?  3.  A  small  hook  at  the  end  of 
curves  represents  what  ?  4.  A  vowel  placed  after  a  stroke  having  an  /•',  / ', 
or  JV hook  is  read  where?  5.  When  must  the  stroke  for  f,  v,  or  n  be 
used?  6.  How  may  the  small  circle  be  added  to  the  f,  V,  and  .A7 hooks? 
7.  How  is  final  hs  added  to  an  A"  hook  on  a  straight  line?  8.  I  low  is 
Sez  added  ?  9.  How  are  st  and  str  added  ?  10.  Are  the  loops  and 
large  circle  ever  added  to  the  F  or  V  hooks  ?  1 1 .  What  is  said  about  the 
addition  of  a  small  circle  to  the  ^Vhook  between  strokes? 


GO 


Lesson  No.  14. 


SYLLABLES,  SHON  AND  TIV. 

125.  SHON — This  syllable,  (spelled,  tion,  cion,  dan, 
sion,  etc. ,  in  different  words)  may  be  added  to  any  conso- 
nant by  a  large  final  hook,  written  on  the  circle  side  of 
straight  strokes,  and  the  inner,  or  concave  side  of  curved 
strokes  ;  thus, 

motion          coercion  magician         diffusion         visionary 

<7          7; 


126.      Tiv,   added  to  straight  lines  only,  is  indicated  by 
a  large  hook,  written  opposite  the  circle  side;  thus, 

active  defectiveness  dative  collective 


127.  The  small  circle  may  be  written  within  the  Shon 
and  Tiv  hooks  to  add  s. 

\ 

SMALL  HOOK  FOR  SHON—  CALLED  ESHON. 

128.  When  the  sound  of  short  is  preceded  by  a  vowel 
and  s,  it  is  usually  best  represented  by  a  small  hook  added 
to  the  Iss  circle  ;  thus, 

physician         transition         transitional        suppositions      succession 


67 


i2g.  VOCALIZATION.  Vowels  occurring  between  the  s 
and  shon  may  be  written  at  the  left  of  the  hook,  if  first 
place,  and  at  the  right,  if  second  or  third  place.  It  is  rarely 
necessary,  however,  to  vocalize  an  Eshon  hook. 

130.  The  small  circle  may  be  written  inside  the  Eshon 
hook  to  add  a  final  s.  See  suppositions  in  preceding  illus- 
tration. 

READING   EXEKCISE. 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Logician,  ineffective, remission,  rotation,  delusion,  restora- 
tive, Russian,  ruination,  submission,  incarceration,  inatten- 
tion, auction,  attraction,  negative,  division,  perfective,  radi- 
ation, deception,  regulation,  palliation,  vocation,  version, 

68 


abrasion,  assertion,  eruption,  irrigation,  immersion,  inspira- 
tion, illustration,  perception,  activeness,  professional,  recep- 
tive, suppression,  instruction,  duration,  mansions,  revisions, 
extermination,  prosecution,  deprivation,  fermentation, 
desolation,  desecration,  additional,  electioneer,  ignition, 
sub-section,  seclusion,  population,  friction,  veneration,  cap- 
tivity, restorative,  distillation,  cineration,  collisions,  exe- 
cution, opposition,  persuasion,  procession,  acquisition, 
perquisition,  moralization,  indecision,  imprecision,  disqui- 
sition, authorization,  relaxation,  disposition,  deposition, 
dispossession,  dispensation,  depreciation,  crystallization. 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No,  14. 

I.  A  large  hook  at  the  end  of  any  curve  consonant  represents  what  ?  2. 
What  does  it  represent  on  the  circle  side  of  straight  lines?  3.  A  large 
final  hook  on  straight  strokes,  and  opposite  the  circle  side,  represents  what^ 
4.  Is  the  Tiv  hook  added  to  curves?  5.  How  may  ^  be  added  to 
the  Shon  and  Tiv  hooks  ?  6.  What  is  the  Eshon  hook  ?  7.  When  is 
the  Eshon  hook  usually  employed  ?  8.  If  a  vowel  occur  between  the  .r 
and  S/IOH,  where  should  it  be  placed  ?  9.  May  the  small  circle  be  added 
to  the  Eshon  hook  ? 


69 


Lesson  No.  15, 


M  SHADED  TO  ADD  P  OR  B. 

131.  J/may  be  shaded  to  add/  or  b  ;  thus, 

imp  ambition  bump  stamp  impose 

•^                 ""S                  \  i 
.V— s -^^ 

<?~*-' 

132.  Shaded  m  is  called  Emp  when  p  is  added,    and 
Emb  when  b  is  added. 

133.  E»ip  and  Emb  never  take  an  initial  hook,   though 
a  final  hook  may  be  added. 

134.  P  may  be  omitted  when  it  occurs  between  m  and 
Shon,  in  such  words  as, 

presumption  assumption  pre-emption 


LENGTHENED  STROKES. 

135.     Double  the  length 

i.     Of  Emp  or  £>»£  to  add  er ;  thus, 

romper  timber  jumpers 


70 


2.     Of  Ing  to  add  kr  to  gr;  thus, 

finger  flankers  linger  angers 


3.     Of  ANY  OTHER  CURVE  to  add  /;-,  dr,  or  ////-/  thus, 
fetter  older  neither  enters 

.-A..  *~ — '  o 


136.  READING.     The  sound  denoted  by  lengthening  is 
read: 

1.  After  any  vowels  placed  beside  the  consonant  stroke. 

2.  Before  a  final  hook,  loop  or  circle. 

137.  CAUTION.     When  gr,  tr,  dr,   etc.,  are  followed  by 
a  final  vowel,  or  by  a  vowel  and  s,  the  stroke  and  R  hook 
must  be  used;  thus, 

hungry  sentries  mattress  fortress 


138.  It  is  occasionally  allowable  to  lengthen  a  stroke 
even  when  a  vowel  following  /r,  dr,  or  thr  cannot  be  ex- 
pressed; as  in 

alteration  moderation  federation 


This  principle,  however,  should  be  confined  to  a  few 
very  familiar  words. 

139.  The  first  half  of  a  lengthened  perpendicular  or  in- 
clined stroke  should  be  written  in  the  position  denoted  by 
the  accented  vowel;  thus, 

1st  position  2nd  position  3rd  position 


THERE,  THEIR,  THEY  ARE,  OR  OTHER. 

140.  Any  curi'C  or  straight  line,  without  a  final  hook, 
loop,  or  circle,  may  be  lengthened  to  add  thr  for  their,  tJicir, 
they  arc,  or  other;  thus 

in  tlu'ir  bv  ///<  ir  ... 

in  there  !>'v  //,,vv       check  //i«V 

m  other  Bother  among,' 


The  context  will  readily  indicate  which  word,  or  words 
are  added. 

141.  Straight  lines  may  occasionally  be  lengthened  to 
add  /;-,  dr,  or  thr,  as  in  quarter,  conductor,  rather,  etc. 

This  principle  is  rarely  used  when  the  consonant  is 
initial. 

NAMES.  The  lengthened  strokes  are  called  Timber, 
Inggcr,  Layter,  etc. ;  the  name  of  the  consonant  being 
prefixed  to  that  of  the  added  syllable. 


READING   EXERCISE. 


-         '^i     -»*£-  ^rS     Uk 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Damp,  vamp,  impute,  ambitious,  impede,  clamp,  sham- 
poo, shrimp,  trump,  cramp,  imbues,  embody,  camp,  clump, 
pomp,  tramp,  impish,  mump,  emperor,  empty,  redemption. 

Simper,  limber,  hamper,  plumper,  cumber,  stamper, 
amber-seed,  clamber,  cumbersome,  pamper,  somber,  whim- 
per, somberly,  tramper,  hanker,  monger,  languor,  finger- 
less,  canker,  sinkers,  clinkers,  anchorless,  franker,  smother, 
render,  slender,  disorder,  flutter,  literary,  fender,  banter, 
loiters,  water,  diameter,  swelter,  motherless,  fatherless, 
wanderer,  Arthur,  smoother,  engender,  wilder,  molder, 
dissenter,  defender,  metrical,  nitrate,  orderly,  promoter, 
recounter,  shatter,  shelter,  slaughter-house,  smother, 
stockholder,  surrender,  waterproof,  wintry,  Andrew,  angry, 
artery,  paltry,  laundry,  propagator,  squatter;  supporter, 
wood-cutter,  spectre,  speculator. 


In  their,  wish  their,  own  their,  while  there,  why  they  are, 
over  their,  whenever  they  are,  in  other,  one  other,  black 
their,  beg  their,  wreak  their. 

To  save  useless  repetition,  ///;•  is  used  to  represent  there, 
their,  they  are,  or  other. 

From  thr,  whenever  thr,  in  thr,  do  thr,  know  thr,  was 
thr,  use  thr,  hear  thr,  value  thr,  may  thr,  shake  thr,  through 
thr,  fling  thr,  lay  thr,  when  thr,  why  thr,  have  thr,  own  thr. 


WOKI)  Sl(  i  NS— ( '( )XTKA(  TI(  )XS. 

above 

\      

N 


.    attain 
another 


been 


careful -ly 
.  .  different  ly 
.  .  .  .  entire 
farther,  further 
.  .  ijeneral-ly 
important  c<- 


opinion 

objection 

objective 

— -Vo  _    .    .   often,  phonograph-y 
_   Vs  ___     ....      phonotjrapher 

phonographic 

a remembrance 

.-<  •   \i       ....      representation 

_/..O representative 

.\i.       subjection 

jO          subjective 

.Jt__ truthful-Iy 


---•^^--  .   .  improve-ment,  may  be  ^ — upon 

-— *  I 

•  .    .    .    .    impossible-ility  ' .  whatever 

— Vg— investigation  — 6 — whichever 


men  6 who  have 

man     ,  within 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No.  15. 

I.  yJ/may  be  shaded  to  add  what?  2.  Does  Einp  or  Enib  ever  take 
an  initial  hook  ?  3.  Do  they  take  the  final  hooks,  loops  and  circles  ? 
4.  Doubling  the  length  of  E»ip  or  Emb  adds  what?  5.  Doubling  the 
length  of  Ing  adds  what  ?  6.  Doubling  the  length  of  any  other  curve  adds 
what  ?  7.  Is  the  sound  denoted  by  lengthening  read  before  or  after  a  final 
hook,  loop  or  circle  ?  8.  Can  the  lengthening  principle  be  employed  where 
the  tr,  dr,  etc.,  precede  a  final  vowel  ?  9.  What  is  said  about  the  posi- 
tion of  a  lengthened  stroke?  10.  May  straight  lines  be  lengthened? 
II.  What  is  said  about  the  lengthening  of  initial  straight  lines?  12.  How 
may  there,  they  are,  or  other  be  added  to  a  full  length  stroke  without  a  final 
hook,  loop  or  circle  ? 


75 


Lesson  No.  16. 


SHORTENED  LETTERS. 

142.       T  or  d  may  be  added  to  any  consonant  stroke, 
except  w  anclj',  by  making-  it  half  its  usual  length;  thus, 
pet  spade         .      spent  plants  refined 


The  context  will  enable  one  to  determine  whether  t  or  d 

is  added. 

143.  METHOD  OF  READING.  The  t  or  d  denoted  by 
shortening,  must  be  read  after  a  final  hook,  but  before  a 
final  circle;  thus, 

band  tufts  bands  rents  heft 


144.  Emp  and  Emb  are  halved  only  when  they  take  a 
final  hook. 

145.  Shortened  El,  m,  n,  and  Ar  are  generally  shaded 
when  d  is  added;  thus, 

old  mode  need  hard  snowed 

T-  *  .>  V- 

76 


146.  Went  or  Wen  must  not  be  shaded  when  shortened, 
as  they  would'  conflict  with  shortened  ]\Icr  and  Ner. 

147.  A  shortened  s  may  sometimes  be  written  upward 
to  advantage  when  joined  to  an  A7" or  Shon  hook,  as  in, 

fashionist  factionisi  canonist,  etc. 


148.  The  Ray  stroke  is  not  shortened  when  standing 
alone  ;  hence  such  words  as  right,  rate,  rod,  etc.,  should  be 
written  with  hco  strokes.  The  Ray  may,  however,  be  short- 
ened when  it  has  an  initial  or  final  hook  ;  thus, 

word  rent  rafts  rounds 


149.  Final  ted  or  dcd  may  be  disjoined,  when  preceded 
by  a  downward  stroke  to  which  it  cannot  be  joined  at  an 
angle  ;  thus, 

treated  deeded  awaited  averted 


150.     For  final  rd,  after  k,g,f,  v,  or  Lay,  use  shortened 
Ray  (Ret"),  not  half-length  Ar  (Ard)  ;  thus, 

lured  veered  moored  afford 


WHEN  NOT  TO  SHORTEN. 

151.     The  halving  principle  should  not  be  used  in  the 
following  cases  : 

77 


I.      When  the  junction  would  not   indicate  the  addition 
of  a  shortened  letu-r,  as  in 

looked  effect  minute  fati^iu- 

'!_ 


-no 


f 


2.  When  the  /  or  d  is  followed  by  a  final  vowel,  or  by  a 
vowel  and  a  final  Sss,  as  in 

windy  naughty  Sundays 

^-T  M 

rt 

N»TE.  The  object  of  the  above  rule  is  to  make  a  distinction  between 
monosyllables  and  words  of  two  syllables ;  as  ?<'/;/</,  windy ;  naught, 
naughty  ;  winds,  wind 

3.  When   an   initial  vowel  is  followed  by  a  consonant 
and  a  vowel,  which  immediately  precede  final  /  or  d ;  as  in 

afoot  avowed  abed 


NOTE      The  object  of  the  alx>ve  rule  is  to  make  a  distinction  between 
such  words  as,  foot,  afoot ;  T'cri'iv/,  </7'i>r<:'iv/.-  l>c<{,  abed. 

4.      When  two  vowels  immediately  precede  the  /  or  d ; 
as  in 

Druid  fluid  (juiet  Hyatt 


NOTE.     The  object  of  the  alwve  rule  is  to  make  a  distinction  between 
such  words  as  quits  and  quiet  :  Jut,-  tin ti  Jewel t. 

78 


5-  When  /,  r,  or  n  is  preceded  by  a  vowel  and  a  con- 
sonant, and  followed  by  a  sounded  vowel  and  final  d  (not  f); 
as  in 

mellowed  married  renewed  flurried 


NOTE  I.  The  object  of  the  above  rule  is  to  make  a  distinction  between 
such  words  as  marred  and  married;  ruined  and  retmucJ. 

NOTE  2.  If  the  vowels  were  always  inserted  there  would  be  little  need  of 
the  foregoing  rules  ;  but  as  the  advanced  phonographer  does  not  write  one 
vowel  in  a  hundred,  such  distinction  becomes  necessary  to  the  easy  and 
accurate  reading  of  shorthand  notes. 

NAMES.  The  shortened  letters  may  be  called  Bet,  Ret, 
Chet,  Met,  etc.  When  d  is  added,  they  may  (  if  preferred) 
be  called  Bed,  Red,  Ched,  Jfed,  etc.  Shortened  L,  Ar, 
and  Is/i  are  named  Let  or  Eld,  Art  or  Ard,  and  Is/it  or  Shet. 

152.  For  the  sake  of  speed  and  legibility,  the  rules  gov- 
erning the  use  of  R  and  L  are  sometimes  disregarded  when 
these  letters  are  shortened;  thus, 

peeled  retard  redeem  boiled 


READING   EXERCISE. 


^  -  -L     \  ii  ^  \  i* 

-i.  ^  S~      ^ 


79 


..    ,       -.         <    V 


.U..-.X.T-     i 


\   A^   •     I   *  i    ri         ^1  " 


C  '  c^x  '  ^ 1  - — -i  I       V*  V  A 

^r_s_    2:..  •      -     '-      i       -, 


WKITIXd   KXERCISE. 

Pad,  boot,  taught,  elude,  chide,  dot,  jot,  caught,  cute, 
foot,  void,  thought,  eased,  shod,  light,  hired,  hunt,  bound, 
spent,  saddened,  stunned,  fanned,  funds,  paved,  breathed, 
divested,  patched,  muzzled,  defeated,  islands,  bumped, 
studied,  rounds,  lashioned,  stride,  stained,  moment, 
potato,  drowned,  secrete,  staggered,  fitly,  lived,  skilled, 
roiled,  lightness,  coiled,  glands,  rants,  protection,  dedicate, 
bottom,  indisposition,  indigent,  illegitimate  (El  jet-met)-, 
modify,  meditate,  plenitude,  antedate,  abdicate,  obdurate, 
agitated,  pottage,  bitter,  graduation,  avidity,  metal,  indica- 
ted, ultimate,  sold,  plumed,  bored,  reasoned,  barred, 
defined,  tarred,  scared,  deemed,  growled,  curtailed,  hardened, 
peeled,  hard,  loomed,  resigned,  descend,  factionist,  elocu- 
tionist, windward,  twined,  wand,  vainest,  excursionist, 
rowed,  reed,  route,  ward,  wired,  round,  rents,  antedated, 
strutted,  retreated,  defrauded,  inverted,  amputated, 
undated,  treated,  mired,  mart,  suffered,  slurred,  immured, 


leered,  fortified,  forgot,  (i)  slacked,  liked,  flecked,  evict, 
collect,  clicked,  cracked,  crocked,  gagged,  bobbed,  roared, 
(2)  body,  Betty,  fatty,  giddy,  Cato,  lady,  motto,  rudely, 
shady,  lotus,  lattice,  meadows,  veto,  (3)  allude,  edit,  assayed, 
aside,  allied,  elate,  omit,  equate,  (4)  riot,  albeit,  Piatt, 
(5)  buried,  denied,  dallied,  ferried,  torrid,  sallied,  solid, 
carried,  hurried,  horrid,  rallied. 


WORD   SIC 

....    about 
\ 

_,        ...  account 

;xs  . 

iND  COXT1 

immediate-lv 

IACTIONS. 

....    put 

^ 

acknowledged 

v_S>  

...  indiscriminate 

<\ 

---  -    .   .  accordingly 

3 

...  .           .       that 

V.         ....    after 

--—  —    ....  till  it 

Vj/       .    .   afterward 

7 

---.  .   intelligible 

—  f  fold 

astonish-ed- 

.    .    toward 

ment 
—     .    .        .   .  could 

^/ 

.  .  throughout 

....n^_.      .    .   transcript 

J        establish-ed- 

i 

ment 
V        ...  forward 

$ 

_  .  .   we  are  not 

.  .    gentlemen 

*\ 

.  Lord  read 

---<*^--  •-       .    .  were  not 

</        .  .    gentleman 

nature 
-  .    .   natural-ly 
opportunity 

r 

--  .  .    .    will  not 
(           .    .       without 

.    .    .    .  good 

T 

c\ 

">         ....    heard 

f~        ....   world 

)        as  it,  has  it, 

"\ 

.  particular-lv 

hesitate-d-ion 
hundred-th, 
under 

...V- 

practicable- 

81 

153-  Derivatives  of  words  represented  by  word-signs, 
may  be  formed  by  adding  to  the  sign  of  the  primitive  the 
consonant  necessary  to  form  the  derivative;  thus, 

value         valued  call  called  world         worldly 


154.  When  a  word  sign  or  contraction  does  not  contain 
the  last  consonant  of  the  primitive  word,  the  derivative  is 
rarely  formed   by  shortening;  hence  the  signs  for  object, 
remark,    etc.,  should   not   be   shortened   for  objected,    re- 
marked, etc.,  but  a  full  length  t  or  d  should  be  added. 

155.  Great  care  should  be  taken  to  make  the  shortened 
letters  only  half  as  long  as  the  full  length  strokes,  as  other- 
wise confusion  will  result. 


QUESTIONS—LESSON  No.  !<;. 

I. What  letters  are  not  shortened  ?  2.  When  must  the  /  or  d  denoted 
by  halving  be  read?  3.  What  is  said  about  halving  Enip  and  J^iiib  ?  4. 
What  letters  may  be  shaded  when  halved  ?  5.  May  shortened  //<•/«  and 
I  Tat  be  shaded?  6.  When  may  shortened  s  be  written  upward  ?  7. 
Is  the  simple  Ray  stroke  ever  halved  ?  8.  What  is  said  about  disjoining 
tcdwded?  9.  How  should  lard  be  written  ?  10.  How  should  slacked 
be  written?  II.  What  is  the  object  in  so  writing  it  ?  12.  How  should 
putty  be  written  ?  13.  Under  what  rule  does  this  come?  14.  How 
should  abate  be  written?  15.  Would  abound  come  under  the  rule  that 
governs  the  writing  of  abed  ?  1 6.  What  rule  would  govern  the  writing 
of  gayety  ? 


83 


Lesson  No.  17. 


BRIEF  PREFIX  SIGNS. 

156.  Con,  Com,  or  Cog,  beginning  a  word,  may  be 
represented  by  a  light  dot,  written  before  the  remainder 
of  the  word;  thus, 

confess      •   complain       cognizance         content  complex 


a.  Con,  Com,  or  Cog,  when  occurring  in  the  middle 
of  a  word,  may  be  omitted  and  implied  by  writing  the  part 
preceding  Con,  Com,  or  Cog,  over  or  near  the  remainder 
of  the  word;  thus, 

decomposition        discontent      nonconformist         misconstrue 


................  u  ........... 

uncompressed        recognized      irreconciliation       inconceivable 


I.    Aeeom,  may  be  represented  by  a  heavy  dot,  written 
before  the  remainder  of  the  word;  thus, 

accomplish      accommodation         accompany          accompanist 

... _  _V        Jb_        A-*_      _X*- 


83 


a.  Con,  Com,  Cog,  or  Accom  may  also  often  be  advan- 
tageously implied  by  writing  the  remainder  of  the  word 
under  a  preceding  word  or  stroke;  thus, 

in  the  complaint       nice  accommodations  will  condemn 


2.  Contra,  Contro,  Counter,  may  be  represented  by 
a  tick,  written  at  the  beginning  of  the  remainder  of  the 
word;  thus, 

contraband  controvert  countercheck  countermine 

\  "^  I  -^ 

3.  Incon  and  Uncom,  when  followed  by  s,  may  some- 
times be  advantageously  represented  by  the  In  hook ;  thus, 

inconsiderable     in  consideration     inconsolable       inconsumable 


___Jb „ 

4.  Inter,  Intro  may  be  represented  by  Net,  written 
before,  or  joined  to  the  remainder  of  the  word;  thus, 

intercept           introduction              introduce                    interrupt 
^S. _™I_D. ^].- ^X _ 

5.  For  and  Fore  are  usually  expressed  by  /",  joined  to 
or  written  before  the  remainder  of  the  word;  thus, 

forward  forefather  forenoon  foreseen 


It  is  occasionally  better  to  represent  these  prefixes  in 
such  words  as  forget,  forgive,  foremost,  etc,  by  Fer  or  F-Ar. 

6.     In=re.     The  word  in,  with  the  following  initial  syl- 
lable, re,  may  often  be  advantageously  represented  by  Ner 

84 


joined  to  the  remainder  of  the  word;  thus, 

in  reply      in  response      in  receipt     in  respect 


7.  Magne,  Magna,  Magni  may  be  expressed  by  m, 
written  over  the  remainder  of  the  word;   thus, 

magnesia       magnanimous  magnitude  magnify 

________  21........  .....  .„..  _____________________  :^  __________________  3£.  ___________ 

8.  Self  is  expressed  by  a  small   circle,  joined  to,  or 
written  beside  the  first  stroke  of  the  remainder  of  the  word. 

a.     &^may  also  be  joined  to  a  following  Iss  by  enlarg- 
ing the  circle. 

selfish  self-devoted  self-same  self-sacrifice 


b.  Self-con,  com,  cog  may  be  expressed  by  writing  the 
small  circle  in  place  of  the  con  clot. 

c.  Self  -contra  may  be  expressed  by  joining  self  to  the 
tick  for  contra 

9.  Prefixes  joined.  Prefix-signs  may  be  joined  to 
initial  syllables,  and  to  each  other;  as  in  zmcontradicted,  self- 
interest,  etc.  Word-signs  may  also  be  used  as  prefix  signs; 
as  Fet-Nen  for  afternoon,  End-  Gay  for  undergo,  etc. 


READING  EXERCISE. 

T        \^o    '^   \»    "v  \.    J    \^  Y  ^l.  o    . 

P       -  "  -CTX  \s '°^         ''      I 


WRITING    EXERCISE. 

OMIT   UNACCENTED   VOWELS. 

i.  Confuse,  conceit,  commemorate,  commend,  commit, 
cognomen,  communication,  competition,  complainer,  com- 
rade, conceivable,  concoction,  concurrent,  condescend, 
confederate,  confinement,  congratulation,  conscript,  accom- 
paniment, accomplishment,  common,  complaint,  kind 
consideration,  will  commence,  will  accompany,  discomfort, 
disconnection,  discontent,  disconsolate,  decomposed,  dis- 
connected, incomposite,  inconsistency,  inconsiderately, 
inconsolably,  inconsumably,  inconvenience,  incomplete, 
incognito,  unconcern,  unconditional,  uncompromising, 
uncomfortably,  unconstitutional,  in  receipting,  in  reducing, 
irreconcilably,  irreconcilement,  recognize,  recommend,  re- 
compile, recommit,  reconstruct,  recumbency,  noncommittal, 
nonconductor,  nonconformity,  misconduct,  misconstrued, 
miscompute,  magnetic,  magnetize,  magnanimously, 

80 


magnificent,  magnify,  contradiction,  contradictive,  contro- 
vertible,  counter-brace,  counterfeit,  counterpane,  intercept, 
interjection,  interval,  intervene,  introductive,  fore-knowl- 
edge, fore-seen,  fore-shorten,  fore-top,  fore-lock,  fore- 
shadow, self-reproach,  self-possession,  self-denial,  self- 
conscious,  self-confident,  uncircumscribed,  uninterested, 
understand,  undersigned,  altogether. 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No.  17. 

I.  What  is  represented  by  a  light  clot  at  the  commencement  of  an  out- 
line? 2.  What,  by  a  heavy  dot?  3.  What  does  a  light  clash  at  the 
beginning  of  a  word  represent  ?  4.  What  is  said  of  incon,  uneoiii,  etc., 
when  followed  by  s?  5.  What  distinction  would  you  make  between 
rccotti  and  irrecoin  ?  6.  How  would  you  write  in  receipt  ?  7.  How  is 
nonceiin  represented  in  noncompliance  ?  8.  Write  misconstrued.  9. 
Contra,  counter,  etc.,  are  represented  by  what?  10.  What  is  said  about 
inter  and  int>\>  ?  II.  What  about  inei^ne,  inagni,  etc?  12.  How 
would  you  write  foreseen?  13.  How  may  self -con  be  expressed?  14. 
What  is  said  about  the  joining  of  prefixes  ? 


Lesson  No.  18. 


AFFIXES. 

157.  Ing  may  be  denoted  by  a  light  dot  at  the  end  of 
the  consonant  outline,  when  the  stroke  is  not  more  conven- 
ient ;  thus, 

tesing  saying  losing  showing  buying 

_4_  ......  ,)•  __________  ^  ___________  A  ___________  v 

i.  Ings  should  be  expressed  by  the  stroke  Ing-hs, 
whenever  it  can  be  conveniently  joined.  In  other  cases  a 
heavy  dot  may  be  used  ;  thus, 

writings  sayings  meetings  holdings 


2.     Ingly  may  be  denoted  by  a  heavy  tick  at  the  end  <>( 
the  consonant  outline  ;  thus, 

amazingly  knowingly  charmingly         lovingly 


3.  Blc,  Bly,  when  Bel  can  not  be  conveniently  used, 
may  be  expressed  by  b  joined. 

4.  Blcness,  Fullness,  Somcness  may  be  denoted 
by  a  small  circle  at  the  end  of  the  consonant  outline  ;  thus, 

feebleness  faithfulness  lonesomeness         tangibleness 


/? 

88 


L... 


5.     Lessness  may  be  denoted  by  a  large  circle  at  the 
end  of  the  consonant  outline  ;  thus, 

lawlessness         thanklessness  carelessness 


6.  Ality,  Ility,  Erity,  etc.  These  terminations  may 
be  represented  by  disjoining  the  stroke  immediately  pre- 
ceding them  ;  thus, 

principality         disability  prosperity  stability 


7.  For  and  Fore  terminating  a  word,  may  be  repre- 
sented by  f  joined;    as  Ther-f,  for  therefore;     Wer-f,   for 
wherefore,  etc. 

8.  Ology  and  Alogy  may  be  represented  byy,  usually 
joined  to  the  preceding  part  of  the  word  ;  thus, 

phrenology  genealogy  zoology 


9.     Ship  may  be  represented  by  Ish  joined  to,  or  written 
near  the  preceding  part  of  the  word ;  thus, 

partnership  hardship  penmanship 


-y —     -V 


10.     Soever  may  be   denoted  by  Iss-v  joined,   or  Iss 
disjoined  ;  thus, 

wheresoever  whosoever         whithersoever  whosesoever 

— t- - ^ £ 

89 


ii.  Self  and  Selves  may  IK-  denoted,  respectively, 
by  a  small  and  a  large  circle,  ioined  if  the  junction  is  con- 
venient ;  thus, 

myself  thyself  himself  ourselves 


12     Word«Sign8  may  frequently  be  used  to  advantage 

as  affix-signs  ;    t  h  u  s  , 

thereto  thereafter  wherever  whenever 

1      .  --  ..^X.. 


READING  EXERCISE. 


L  *~  ^      -<!     I 

tf=s  .....  "- 


EXERCISE. 

OMIT   UNACCKNTKK    VOWKLS. 

Boring,  breaking,  delaying,  failing,  baffling,  defeating, 
alluring,  talking,  abusing,  condensing,  blessings,  sufferings, 
fittings,  paintings,  savings,  prancingly,  seemingly, 

90 


knowingly, laughingly,  accountable, amendable, containable, 
diversible,  lashionable,  recognizable,  lawfulness,  knowable- 
ness,  watchfulness,  irksomeness,  gladsomeness,  slothfulness, 
groundlessness,  artlessness,  thoughtlessness,  senselessness, 
boundlessness,  frugality,  popularity,  sensibility,  disability, 
instability,  rascality,  solvability,  genealogy,  geology,  theo- 
logical, mineralogy,  courtship,  consulship,  seamanship, 
steamship,  yourself,  one's  self,  themselves. 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No.  18. 

I.  What  is  generally  used  to  represent  the  affix  ing?  2.  How  many 
ways  are  there  of  representing  ings  ?  3.  When  should  the  stroke  be  used  ? 
4.  How  may  ble  and  bly  be  expressed  ?  5.  What  is  the  difference  between 
the  signs  for  fullness  and  lessness  ?  6.  How  may  ality,  erity,  etc.,  be 
expressed  ?  7.  'For  and  fore  at  the  end  of  a  word  may  be  represented  how  ? 
8.  Ology  and  alo^y  /  9.  What  is  used  to  represent  ship  at  the  end  of 
a  word?  10.  Sivrer  may  be  expressed  how?  II.  Self  an  A  selves? 
12.  What  is  said  about  the  use  of  word  signs  as  affix-signs? 


01 


Lesson  No.  19. 


PHRASE-WRITING. 

158.  Joining  two  or  more  words  without  lifting  the  pen 
or  pencil  is  called  phrasing.  Correct  phrasing  increases 
the  speed  of  writing,  and  makes  the  notes  more  legible. 
Care  must  be  taken  to  join  only  those  words  which  natur- 
ally belong  together;  as, 

give  me  this  day  this  side  do  you 


159.     Observe  the  following  rules: 

1.  Never  join  words  that  are  not  united  in  a  phrase  or 
clause. 

2.  Never  join  words  unless  the  junction  would  be  clear, 
distinct,  and  easily  formed. 

3.  Do  not  employ  long  or  cumbersome  phrases. 


POSITION  OF  PHRASES. 

1 60.  The  first  word  usually  determines  the  position  of 
the  phrase;  that  is,  the  first  word  is  written  in  its  proper 
place,  and  the  others  follow  without  regard  to  position; 
thus, 

it  is  not  we  have  seen  will  be  done  it  is  good 

...k. 


161  It  is  sometimes  advantageous  to  raise  or  lower, 
slightly  a  first-place  word,  in  order  to  bring  the  second 
word  into  its  own  position;  thus, 

in  those  in  these  by  day  I  had  I  do 


162.     When  as  begins  a  phrase  it  is  sometimes  better 
to  adapt  it  to  the  position  of  the  following  word;  thus, 

as  if  as  to  as  common  as  if  there  were 


163.     A,  an,  or  and,  beginning  a  phrase,  takes  the  posi- 
tion of  the  word  following,  unless  that  word  is  the,  a,  an, 
or  and,  in  which  case  it  is  written  on  the  line;  thus, 
and  in  and  see         and  but  and  a         and  the 


-OMISSION  OF  CONSONANTS. 

164.     P  may  be  omitted  when  immediately  preceded  by 
m,  and  followed  by  the  sound  of/,  k,  or  shon;  thus, 

dumped  pumped  resumption  pumpkin 


165.     T    may  be   omitted   when   it    follows   J   in   such 
words  as, 

mostly  domestic  mistrustful  postoffice 


93 


166.  K  may  be  omitted  when  its  sound  occurs  between 
Ing,  and  sh  or  s/ion:  frequently  before  final  sJwn. 

sanction  anxious  destruction  infraction 

......  ^  .......  -  .......  -y.  ...........     '       .......  -->' 

a.  K  is  also  frequently  omitted  when  it  is  the  initial 
consonant,  and  followed  by  s;  hence  we  write  splcn  for 
explain,  spet  for  accept,  Iss-B-Shon  for  exhibition,  etc. 

167.  N  may  usually  be  omitted  from  the  syllable  trans, 
and  from  such  words  as  atonement,  husbandman,  passenger, 
etc.,  where  its  representation  would  necessitate  a  difficult 
junction,   or  long  outline,  and  where  its  omission  would 
not  endanger  legibility. 

atonement       husbandman  identical  passenger  messenger 

'  1). 


168.  R  may  be  omitted  from  the  syllable  scribe  in  pre- 
scribe, transcribe,  etc.  Also  in  a  few  other  cases,  as  in 
manuscript,  proportional,  etc. 

a.  It  is  allowable  to  omit  any  consonant  whose  expres- 
sion would  necessitate  a  difficult  outline,  and  whose  omission 
will  not  endanger  legibility. 


OMISSION  OF  WORDS. 

169.  Of  or  of  the,  between  words,  may  be  omitted 
and  indicated  by  writing  the  word  preceding  and  the  word 
following  close  to  each  of  her;  occasionally,  by  joining  them; 
thus, 

price  of  coal  days  of  the  week     one  of  the  greatest        bill  of  items 

X>  1 2 *f^   1 


170.  To  or  To  The  may  be  implied  by  writing   the 
word  following  just  under  the  line  of  writing, 

to-day            to  know                to  blacken           to  say                to  show 
I " ~~~ ' ~^ )" •" ^""" ' 

The  above  is  called  the  fourth  position.  7#  should  not 
be  implied  before  an  up  stroke,  as  Ray,  Lay,  Hay,  etc., 
and  is  rarely  implied  before  k  or  g . 

171.  To,   preceding  have,  is  sometimes  omitted,  where 
have  can  be  expressed  with  a   V-lwok;  thus, 

said  to  have         ought  to  have         was  to  have         they  arc  to  have 

f  t  )  D 

172.  Have   may  be  omitted   in  phrase-signs   when  it 
precedes  been  and  done;  as, 

shall  have  been         shall  have  done         was  to  have  been 


173.     A  or  and  may  sometimes  be  safely  and  advanta- 
geously omitted  from  phrases;  as, 

for  a  time       over  and  over  rich  and  poor         ever  and  ever 


174.     The  may  be  omitted  when  preceded  by  to,  and  fol- 
lowed by  an  up  stroke;  also  in  a  few  other  cases;  as, 

to  the  lake          to  the  races  to  the  house         in  the  world 


175.      From=to  may  be  omitted  in  such  phrases  as, 
from  day  to  day         from  season  to  season     from  week  to  week 


176.  Or  may  be  omitted  in  such  phrases  as,  more  or 
less,   sooner  or  later ;  or  may  also  be  implied  between  two 
numbers  by  writing  one  under  the  other;  thus,   |,  -three  or 

four,  etc. 

177.  In  familiar  work,    the  experienced  phonograph er 
will  omit  other  words;  but  the  student  should  confine  him- 
self, for  some  little  time,  to  those  here  given.     Experience 
will  teach  him  how  far  he  can  safely  go. 

READING    EXERCISK 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

OMIT  ALL  VOWELS  NOT  NKCESSARY  TO  CORRECT  READING. 

To  the,  on  a,  give  a,  it  is,  it  is  set,  as  soon  as,  (Sez- 
ns)  in  time,  for  the  weather,  we  are  inclined,  he  will  be  glad, 
in  the  summer,  it  was,  he  will  know,  I  remain,  if  there  is 
any,  I  was  there,  you  will  do,  there  is  nothing,  in  this  way, 
there  must  be,  there  may  be,  would  be  certain,  does  not 
know,  cannot  do,  he  was  there,  I  think  he  was,  by  those 
who,  in  hopes,  and  at  a,  in  every  respect,  with  those 
who,  in  this,  in  those,  in  this  position,  give  it,  give  those, 
and  should,  of  much  greater,  in  this  case,  I  had,  as  if 
there,  as  though,  as  to  be,  as  usual,  as  few,  as  far,  as  she, 
and  in  the,  and  for  the,  and  teach,  a  place,  and  a,  and 
the. 

Romped,  co-emption,  limped,  attempt,  stumped,  Thomp- 
son, camped,  lastly,  vastly,  mistake,  justly,  restless,  post- 
pone, conjunction,  compunction,  production,  restriction, 
deflection,  inflection,  construction,  attraction,  affliction, 
translate,  transmit,  transcribe,  transplant,  manuscript, 
proportion. 

Price  of  labor,  fineness  of  the  fabric,  neatness  of  the 
writing,  noise  of  the  engine,  one  of  the  meanest,  to-morrow, 
to  advantage,  to  color,  to  compile,  to  instruct,  five  or  six, 
eight  or  nine,  big  or  little,  large  or  small,  dead  or  alive,  I 
have  been,  we  have  been,  may  have  done,  will  have  been, 
never  have  been,  black  and  white,  summer  and  winter, 
red  and  white,  to  the  road,  to  the  shoulder,  to  the  right, 
to  the  leader,  to  the  rocks,  from  place  to  place,  from  city 
to  city,  from  house  to  house,  from  street  to  street. 

97 


QUESTIONS— LESSON  No.  19. 

I.  What  is  phrase-writing?  2.  What  is  the  object  of  phrasing  ?  3. 
Does  phrasing  impair  legibility  ?  4.  If  a  comma  or  pause  of  any  kind 
occurs  between  two  words,  should  they  be  joined  ?  5.  What  is  said  about 
joining,  where  the  junction  would  be  difficult  or  imperfect?  6.  What 
word  usually  determines  the  position  of  the  phrase  ?  7.  What  is  the 
exception  to  this  rule  ?  8.  When  may  /  be  omitted  ?  9.  When  is  it 
allowable  to  omit  /  ?  lo.  When  may /•  be  omitted  ?  II.  N is  usually 
omitted  from  what  syllable  ?  12.  In  what  other  cases  may  it  be  omitted? 
13.  When  may  r  be  omitted  ?  14.  Are  of  and  of  the  ever  omitted  ?  15. 
When?  16.  How  may  to  or  to  the  be  implied?  17.  What  exception 
is  there  to  this  rule?  18.  What  is  said  about  the  omission  of  or  ?  19. 
Of  hare  ?  20.  Of  a  or  and?  21.  What  is  said  about  the  omission  of 
to  preceding  have  ? 


08 


Lesson  No.  20. 


REPORTING   EXPEDIENTS. 

178.  The  speed  of  writing  may  be  greatly  increased  by 
employing  the  following  expedients.     They  should  be  so 
thoroughly  memorized  that  they  can  be  applied  without  the 
least  hesitation. 

179.  All  or  will   may  be  added  by  an  L  hook  to  any 
sign  taking  that  hook;  thus, 

by  all  they  will         to  all  and  all  in  all  their 

\  f  <::^_^s 

..................  _____  .(  _______  ..........  X  ______________________  C  ------------------  .....  .  ........  . 

a.     All  or  will  may  also  be  added  to  the  simple  R  hook- 
signs  by  enlarging  the  hook;  thus, 

there  will,  they  are  all  which  are  all  from  all 


180.     Are  or  our  may  be  added  by  an  R  hook  to  any 
sign  taking  that  hook;  thus, 

by  our  which  are  at  our  but  are 


a.     Are  or  our  may  also  be  added  to  the  simple  L  hook- 
signs  by  enlarging  the  hook;  thus, 

for  all  are,  or  our  at  all  our  by  all  our 


99 


iSi.      Have  or  of  may  be  added  by  a   V  hook  to  signs 
taking-  that  hook,  also  to  the  brief  W word  signs;  thus, 

which  have     all  have         they  have  were  of  what  have 

/. ^ JL_ -* -_ 

182.  Had,  what  or  would  may  sometimes  be  added 
to  full  length  signs  by  halving  them ;  thus, 

it  had,  or  would      in  what,  in  it  had  had  which  had,  or  would 

--I-  I 

Perpendicular  and  inclined  strokes,  when  so  treated,  are 
generally  written  in  the  third  position. 

183.  How  may   be   represented   by   a   light   tick  just 
under  the  line,  written    upward  or  downward  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Ray  or  Chay;  thus, 

how  how  many  how  much 


184.  In  and  in  the  may  frequently  be  represented  to 
advantage  by  an  In  hook;  thus, 

in  the  same  place     in  the  construction  in  the  smallest 

_J3. 3L  -Tr... 

185.  In  may  also  be  added  to  here  and  there  by  an  N 
hook;  as  Arn  for  here-in,  Arn-Bcffov  here-in-before. 

186.  Ing  thr  may  be  expressed  by  a  heavy  dash  at  the 
end  of  the  preceding  part  of  the  word;  thus, 

facing  their         eating  their          raising  their  placing  their 

.V. I...  -A- 

a.     No  confusion  will  result  between  this  and  "/;/;>•/]'," 
as  the  context  will  indicate  which  is  intended. 

187.  Ing  the,  Ing  a.     The  affix  i/i<?  and  a  following  the 
may  be  expressed  by  a  light  clash,  written  at  the  end  of  the 
preceding  stroke,  in  the  direction  of/  or  Chay.     \Yhen  a, 

100 


an,  or  and  follows  ing,  the  tick  must  be  written  perpendic- 
ularly or  horizontally;  thus, 

paying  the         showing  the  paying  a  showing  an 

—  V  --  ......  -^  ___________________  -V  ______________________  ^  ___________ 

188.  It  may  frequently  be  added  to  a  full  length  stroke 
by  halving  the  stroke;  thus, 

if  it  for  it  until  it  wish  it 

V.  J 

_f__ 

a.     To  the  signs  thus  formed  the  small  circle  may  be 
added   to  represent  is   or  has. 

189.  Is,  as,  has,  or  his  may  be  joined  to  a  preceding 
or  following  word,  beginning  or  ending  with  a  circle,  by 
enlarging  the  circle;  thus, 

as  soon  has  seen  as  certain  Pa>'5  his 


190.  Not  may  be  added  by  an  A^ook  to  dash-  vowel 

and  half-length  signs. 

a.     Not  may  also  be  added  to  full-length  signs  by  halving 
them,  and  attaching  the  //hook;  thus, 

or  not  ought  not  if  not  be  not  have  not 

.......  _._J_  ________________  ____*  _____________________  ^  __________________  *  _________________  !_. 

191.  Numbers.      The   following  method  will  greatly 
facilitate  the  rapid  expression  of  figures. 

20       30  40         50  60         70       80        90 


a.     In  expressing  round  numbers,  write  Ned  for  hundred, 
Ith%  for  thousand,  and  Mel1  f6r  million;  thus, 

300  6,oco  7,ooo;ooo  300,000          40,000 

3-        6(          7^       <^ 

101 


b.  In  writing  dollars  and  cents,  omit  both  dollar  sign 
and  decimal  point;  thus, 

four  hundred  sixty-seven  dollars,  twenty-nine  cents. 
467  2  9 

c.  Solid  figures,  as  three  thousand  four  hundred  sev- 
enty-seven, are  expressed  best  in  the  ordinary  way;  thus, 

3477 

192.  Own  may  be  added  by  an  A7"  hook  to  a  full-length, 
or  lengthened  curve  stroke. 

a.      Oivn  may  also  be  added  by  an  TV  hook  to  any  stroke 
to  which  O2ir  or  their  has  been  added;  thus, 

our  own     my  own       in  their  own       at  our  own     by  their  own 

N  0  \    „ 

D  .....  —  a— 

193.  One  may  often  be  advantageously  added  by  an  JV 
hook;  thus, 

any  one      at  one       another  one      each  one 


a.  In  practice,  no  confusion  will  result  from  representing 
own  and  one  by  the  same  hook,  as  the  context  will  clearly 
indicate  the  word 

194.  Past   Tense.     Many  phonographers  frequently 
write  the  present  tense  for  the  past,  depending  upon  the 
context    to    denote    which   was  intended;  as,   demand  for 
demanded,  regard  for  regarded,  etc. 

a.  The  extent  to  which  this  principle  may  be  carried 
with  safety  will  depend  upon  the  aptness  of  the  writer; 
all  can  safely  use  it  in  familiar  matter. 

195.  Syllables  disjoined.      It    is    sometimes    con- 

103 


venient  to  disjoin  two  parts  of  a  word,  writing  them  close 
together;  thus, 

draughtsman          non-forfeitable  non-payment 

^ ±5^,.. : -v, ._ 

196.  Thr  Tick.  There,  their,  they  are,  or  other  may 
often  be  expressed  to  advantage  by  a  heavy  tick,  joined  to 
the  preceding  word;  thus, 

since  thr  face  thr  upon  their  gave  thr 


197.     Than   may  be  added  to  comparatives  by  an 
hook;  thus, 

greater  than         sooner  than  more  than  better  than 


198.  Us  may  sometimes  be  conveniently  represented  by 
a  small  circle,  joined  to  a  preceding-word.  Sometimes  by 
enlarging  a  circle;  thus, 

give  us  before  us  gives  us  upon  us 


199.     We,  you  and  were.     The  signs  for  these  words 
are  sometimes  reversed,   in  order  to  secure  a  phrase;  thus, 

shall  we  come         there  were  since  you  you  have 

-<L..  ...?...  L_5£_  ..A... 


BRIEF  W  AND  Y  ENLARGED. 

A  brief  W  or  F  word-sign,  followed  by  another  brief  W 
or  K  word-sign,  is  of  frequent  occurrence.     Mr.  Graham,  in 

1O3 


his  J  land-Book,  treats  of  these  in  the  following  veryappro; 
priate  manner. 

I.     Enlarging  a  brief  /['sign  adds  a  brief  //'  word-sign; 
thus, 

were  \ve  what  would, 

or  were  what  what  we,  or  what  were 

c  => 


2.     Writing  an  enlarged  brief  IFsign,  in  the  direction  of 
Ray,  denotes  an  added  brief  K  word-sign;  thus, 
with  you  were  you  would  you 


3.  Enlarging  a  brief  )^denotes  an  added  brief  [For    Y 
word-sign;  thus, 

ye  were          you  would  you  were  beyond  you 

_______  _V_  _______________  n.  _________________  u  _____________  _?  _____________ 

4.  Names.      Wch  and  IVuh,  enlarged  in  their  natural 
direction,  are  called,  respectively,  U^r/i-  \Vch  and  Wuh-  ]]rith. 
\Vlu-n  written  in  the  direction  of  Ray,  they  may  be  called 
m'/i-Ynhan<\   With-Yiih. 

Ycli  and    Yuh  enlarged    may  be  called    Ych-  IVch  and 
Yit/i-  Wuh. 


104 


Go  tbc  Stubent 


You  have  now  been  over  all  the  principles,  and  it  is 
presumed  that  you  have  a  good  knowledge  of  them. 
Much  work,  however,  remains  to  be  done  before  you 
will  acquire  sufficient  speed  to  do  practical  work.  Let 
your  motto  be  practice,  practice,  practice.  Remem- 
ber, too,  that  speed  does  not  come  from  mere  writing, 
but  from  intelligent  study  combined  with  it. 

In  your  writing  thus  far  you  have  expressed  all,  or  nearly 
all  the  vowel  sounds.  You  should  now  omit  them 
entirely,  except  where  the  insertion  of  one  is  necessary 
to  the  correct  reading  of  the  word.  Great  care  should 
be  taken,  however,  to  write  the  outline  in  the  position 
denoted  by  the  accented  vowel. 

Apply  all  the  "Reporting  Expedients."  Do  not  use  a 
long  outline  where  a  short  one  will  do  as  well.  Do  not 
write  "of,"  "of  the, "  "to,"  or  "to  the,"  where  you 
can  imply  them.  These  are  little  things  in  themselves, 
but  they  make  a  great  difference  in  one's  speed. 

The  following  pages  are  given  as  samples  for  your  guid- 
ance. It  would  be  well  to  study  the  first  one  till  you 
can  read  it  readily;  then  write  it  over  and  over,  each 
time  trying  to  write  a  little  faster  than  you  did  the 
preceding  time,  yet  never  faster  than  you  can  form 
the  characters  well.  After  you  have  practiced  the  first 
one  faithfully,  take  the  second,  and  after  this,  the  third. 

A  portion  of  each  day  should  be  given  to  memorizing 
the  "Brief  Word-Forms,"  beginning  on  page  113. 
Practice  these  till  you  can  write  them  at  a  high  rate 
of  speed. 

105 


•         J 


106 


451  Main  St..  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
Apr.  17,  1891. 

Mr.  Jas.  H.  Cole, 

Box  29,  Nunda,  N.  Y. 

My  dear  Sir: 

I  am  in  receipt  of  your  letter  of  the  I3th  inst., 
and  am  pleased  to  learn  that  your  progress  has  been  so 
rapid.  Let  me  caution  you,  however,  to  be  very  sure  that 
you  understand  the  principles  thoroughly.  If  you  do,  and 
can  apply  them  readily,  you  may  congratulate  yourself  on 
having  accomplished  the  first,  and  perhaps  most  important 
step  in  the  study  of  Short-hand;  if  you  do  not,  review 
carefully  from  the  very  beginning  of  the  book.  Any 
attempt  at  further  progress  before  the  principles  have  been 
mastered  will  be  quite  likely  to  result  in  failure. 

Resolve  to  become  a  good  stenographer.  The  market  is 
overstocked  with  poor  ones.  It  will  pay  you  to  put  forth 
earnest  and  persistent  effort,  as  the  higher  speed  you 
obtain,  and  the  more  proficient  you  make  yourself,  the 
better  place  and  the  larger  salary  you  will  be  able  to  secure. 
Make  it  a  practice,  not  only  to  read  over  a  large  portion  of 
everything  you  write,  but  to  make  frequent  transcripts,  ex- 
ercising the  utmost  care  in  spelling,  punctuating  and  capital- 
izing. These  are  very  important,  and  if  you  find  yourself 
deficient  in  this  part  of  the  work,  take  immediate  steps  to 
remedy  the  defect.  The  demand  for  competent  stenog- 
raphers was  never  so  great  as  at  the  present  time,  and  you 
need  have  no  fear  that  your  services  will  not  be  needed,  it 
you  prove  yourself  capable.  Do  not,  however,  expect  a 
position  until  you  can  do  good,  and  fairly  rapid  work. 

Yours  truly, 

107 


I 


\. 


,    i 


/, '  •  I 

c 

V 


* ,-r*  x 

, 


I 


.....V-i.- ... ...7L.....-X    I  \ 

1  v:       \s    ^         "7 

J,  Q  / 


Q_D. 


-Y- 


^ 


•7-S" 


(^ 


v-  -Y 


<s^ 


i  r- 


108 


CHAUNCEY  M.  DEPEW, 

To  the  Yale  Law  Students. 

I  do  not  propose  to  pursue  any  of  the  subjects  upon 
which  you  have  been  instructed  by  this  learned  faculty,  nor 
am  I  prepared  to  compete  with  you  with  a  thesis  upon 
some  legal  question,  as  a  part  of  the  exercises  of  graduation. 
The  commencement  orator  usually  addresses  himself  to  the 
professors  and  the  elder  members  of  the  profession,  but  I 
am  here  to  speak  to  you.  The  most  joyous  of  days  is  that 
which  closes  the  doors  of  the  school,  and  opens  the  gate-way 
to  the  world;  the  most  apprehensive,  the  one  which  marks 
the  opening  of  your  clientless  office;  the  happiest,  the  first 
return,  after  the  future  is  secure  and  success  assured,  to 
college  scenes  and  associations.  It  is  the  privilege  of  age 
and  experience  to  indicate  paths  in  the  field  you  are  yet  to 
explore,  to  point  out  the  dangers  which  beset  them,  and  the 
methods  of  safe  ariti  comfortable  travel.  Most  of  the  ideals 
of  these  closing  hours,  devoted  to  the  confidential  inter- 
change of  aspirations  and  hopes,  will  be  shattered  against 
the  stern  realities  of  practical  life,  but  their  destruction  will 
furnish  the  lessons  for  sure  foundations  and  permanent 
construction. 

At  this  hour,  all  your  thoughts  are  concentrated  in  one 
word,  success.  If  your  construction  of  success  were  honestly 
analyzed,  it  would  probably  mean,  to  most  minds,  the  get- 
ting of  money.  The  desire  to  acquire  property  is  the  most 
potent  force  in  the  activities  of  our  people.  It  is  the  main- 
spring of  our  marvelous  development,  and  the  incentive 
and  reward  of  intelligent  industry.  It  is  alike  the  cause  of 
the  noblest  efforts  and  the  most  revolting  crimes.  That  man 
would  be  unfaithful  to  his  family,  and  to  his  own  independ- 
ence, who  did  not  use  every  honorable  effort,  and  practice 
every  reasonable  economy,  to  secure  home  and  competence 
for  declining  years.  But  the  lawyer  who  makes  this  his  sole 
aim  is  an  unworthy  member  of  the  noblest  of  professions, 
and  will  never  win  its  honors  or  rewards.  *  *  *  * 


109 


•^-^  . 


T 


-)• 


-.«rr^.  ../...I v 


r; 


- 


110 


Saturday  Globe, 

A  CHOICE  FAMILY  WEEKLY. 

Circulation   152, OOO. 
P.  MARTIN  &   CO.,   PROPS. 

St.  XOlliS,  March  4th,    1891. 

Messrs.  Johnson  &  King, 

West  1  4 1  h   St.,   New   York   City. 

Gentlemen: 

Yours  is  just  at   ft  a  n  d  .      In  reply  will   say  that  we 
ran  your  "Ad."   in   the  December  5th  ,19th,  and  2Gtli  issues, 
and  then  again  in  the  New  Year  number;   but  were  not  able 
to  get  it  in  the  issue  ofthelCth  of  January,  as  that  num- 
ber was  full  before  your  order  for  continuance  was  received; 
so  it  had  to  be  carried  one  week  later,  and  went  in  the 
23rd  of  January,  and   then  again  in  the  first  issue   in  Feb- 
ruary, and  again  in  the  February    20th  number.     This   will 
be  followed  by  the  first  issue  in  March,   March  Cth,  then 
in  the  issue  of  the  20th.      It  really  carries  it  forward  one 
week  on  each   insertion.    We  could  not  get  it  in  the  10th, 
as  you  originally  wished  it,   and  which  would  have   been 
two  weeks  after  the  first  issue  in  January,  but  could  use 
it  in  the  23rd,  and  since  that  time  have  used  it  every  other 
week,  which  brings  it,  for  February  and  March,   in  the 
first  issues  of  the  month.      These  are  both  especially  good 
numbers,  and  we  have  many  calls  for  extra  copies  of  the 
first  issues  of  each  month.      We  trust  this  will  be  satis- 
factory and  as  you  wished  it. 

If,  during  your  best  season,  you  would  run  some 
large  "Ads."  giving  us  the  option  of  two  or  three  dates  in 
which   to  use  them  when  we  could  do  the  best  for  them,  we 
believe  it  would  pay  you  well.     We  are  not  able,  ever,  to 
promise  any  particular  dates,  except  in  the  special  num- 
bers;  the    regular  issues  being  always  full  far  in  advance. 
Kindly  notify  us  by  return  mail  how  much   space  you  are 
likely  to  need  in  the  April  numbers. 

Very  respectfully, 


111 


BRIEF  WORD-FORMS. 

The  following  list  of  Brief  Word-forms  should  be  thor- 
oughly memorized.  The  student  who  has  mastered  the 
principles  as  he  has  gone  along  will  have  comparatively 
little  difficulty  in  committing  these  forms  to  memory.  They 
should  be  gone  over  again  and  again,  until  they  can  be 
written  at  the  rate  of  at  least  one  hundred  a  minute,  and 
read  quite  as  rapidly.  Perfect  familiarity  with  them  will 
enable  one  to  write  much  faster,  and  with  considerably  less 
effort,  than  would  otherwise  be  required. 

The  words  have  been  very  carefully  selected,  and  are 
such  as  will  occur  in  almost  any  kind  of  amanuensis  or 
reporting  work.  The  outlines  of  many  of  the  words,  if 
written  in  full,  would  be  exceedingly  cumbersome  and 
inconvenient  ;  in  other  cases  connection  would  result,  and 
the  accuracy  ot  the  notes  would  be  impaired. 


J13 


BIMKF  WORD-FORMS. 


A 
X 

t 


-k 


JL. 


.    .  able  to  have 

.    .    .  absurd-ity 

.  accept-ed-ation 

.    .    .  acceptable 

.    .  acquaintance 

....  accident 

.    .     .    .  addition 

.    .  adjournment 

.    .    .  adjustment 

.    .   .  administrator 

.  admit-tecl-tance 

.    .  advancement 

.  adventure 

advertise-ed-inent 

agent 

all  of,  all  have 
.    .    .  long,  along 


"A 


r 


.    .    .  amount-ed 

and  all,  and  will  _^«o 

,  and  of,  and  have 

.__.. 

r 

114 


annual 

.  .  .  ,  another-one 
any  one 

.  .  any  other  one 
.  .  .  .  annihilate 
anybody 

.  anticipate-d-ion 
appear 

.    .    .  .appearance 

apply 

....  appliance 
.  .  .  .  application 

.  .  .  applicant 
.  .  .  apprehend-ed 
.  (inphrasii! 

arrive  al 

artificial 

.  .  .  .  as  it  ought 
....  as  great  as 

as  long 

.  as  little 


—  -fi  —  as  the 
—  /  —  as  it,  has  it 

V. 

t 

—-«?».-—  assemble-d-y 

k 

B 

..V    bank-able 
_  \^  bankrupt-cy 
...\  beauty-ful 
...Ai  ._.  before  it 

-../<---   associate 

—  1  ....     ...    at  hand 

.  ..TT=~-    begun 
......               began 

-1  at  our 

r\ 
—  -i  ....            at  our  own 

—  !  at  it,  it  had 

^         behindhand 

„..$.„.     behold 
\  belief 
\          belong 

1-  —   ...     at  the  same  time 
at  sometime 

9 

....   .  authority-alive 
•~g  averse 

...X  believe 
"^           ....  beneficence-nt 

^           be  not 

._^\  —    aversion 

—  \    -                                  .    average 

^            .         .    .    .    .          hftak-H 

115 


.    ...\  bounty-ful 
_—  ^            brethren 
*N/°-  brilliant 
c\                                         brother 

/...  change-d 
—  ./.--.       charge-d 
7  charity 

-    character 

<x         Brooklyn 

c  o.  characteristic 

cheer 

built 

«          cheerful-  ly 

__\_  Buffalo 
<V              burdensome 

.„   child-hood 

/          children 

....  christian-ity 

N                        by  it 

P  ._      .    .    .  circumstance-tial 

f 
1                  ....  city-  citizen 

\ 

.  by  our 

c 

c-=>                     .    .    .  California 

\>     _    civilization 
_           co-executor 
/^_.    collateral 
^          ....  combine-d-ation 

c-3        .    .    .  call  off,  call  forth 

\         Catholic-ism 

/                                 .  certain-ty 

Vy        ....   comfort-ed-able 

>\                 ....       certificate 

^^7  ....     commence-ment 
.     .        .  commonest 

\                                .     cessation 

J        chair 

^•^                .      .    .  commercial 

.    .  .company 

.... 

_.— 

IK; 


r 


complete 

completion 

\ 
°        ......  compliance 

......  comply-ied 

"N,        ....  comprehend-ed 


^        .    .      comprehension-ive 
*N        concern 

conclude 

2_ 

concluded 

— 1 

conclusion 

™. 

.    .    .    .    conclusive-ness 

D 

L/ condition-al 

_c     _ congress 

._....  conscientious-ly 

77^_. consequence 

^___ consequent 

_)         .    .    .   consider-able-ness 

.    .    .  .  considerate-ness 

P 
J          consist 

P 

° consistence 

P 

constituent 


constitute-ed 

,     constitution-al 


I construct-ed 

(j..._ construction 

]U_-_ix>  (or  in  the)  construction 

consume 

g~^      consumption 

contain 

_    | contract-ed 

[}_ contraction 

.    .    .  .  contradict-ed-ory 

— ;.— contradiction 

1 

contnve-ance 

control-led 

controversy 

converse-ant 

convert-ed 

.    .    .    .    correct-ed-ness 

correclion 

corrects 

counsel  for  the  defense 


117 


_.ZL. 

counsel  for  the  d  efendant 
.  counsel  for  the  plaintiff 
....    countenat;' 

[ 

V 

...V 

1           - 

k 

i-      : 
f 

.    .    .      ('eficient-cy 
.    .    .  deform-rd-ity 
....     defraucl-ed 
.    .    .   degeneration 
degree 
.    .    .        delight-ed 

— 

countryman 
.    .         .    .      countrymen 
.    .    .         .    .     .      county 
court 
.    .     cross-examine-ation 
cure 

^ 

,f 

.    .         delinquent-cy 
.     .    .   .  delinquents 

_J  
J         . 

.    .        .  deliver-ed-y 
....  deliverance 

D 

danger 
dangers-ous 

u.  . 

.    .  .  democrat-ic-cy 
.    denominate-d-ion 
....      depravity 
.  derived-derivative 
.derive-dcrivatiun 
.     .             determine 
.    .    .  determination 
.    .   .  develop-ment 
....    describe  d 

^ 

J 

-1 

i 

;    dark  ' 
darken-ed 

1 

—  J 

-V 

Dear  Sir 

1 

Dear  Madam 
.....    Decemlx-T 
defeat 
defendant 

L 

4  
i 

118 


descript'on 

I direct-ed 

U— direction 

<i 
._..J. directness 

_  k discharge 

...I .    .     dissatisfy  ied-action 

r 
.,JL .    .      .    .       dyspeptic-sia 

i^ 
__\ distinct 

.  .  .  .  distinctive 
.  .  .  distinguish-ed 
District  of  Columbia 

divine 

doctor 

doctrine 

dollar 

down  thr 

downfall 

I  downcast 

'I drea.l-ed 

[^y       drunken 

.    drunkenness 


x~ 

__L_ 

I 
;1 

I 

-e 


A*~ 


A. 


during  il 

E 

each  will 

.each  one 

efficient 

enlarged 

England 

English 

.       .    .    .    enthusiasm 

essential 

evening 

every  one 

evident-ce 

.    .    .       exact-ed-ness 
.    .  exaggerate-d 

.    .    .    .    exaggeration 

examine 

example 

except-ed 

exception 

executor 


( 

exclusive-ness 
exhibit 

fall 

So 

exhibition 

...A... 

.    .    .    .    expect-ed-atior. 
expend-iture 
expended 

.                   false 

"V 

fault-y 
"\         favor-ed 

....  experise-ive-ness 
experience 
in  (or  in  the)  experience 
.    .   .  explain-atory-ation 
explained 
explicit-lies?. 

---^-v                 .         .    .      February 

^ 

„_.*—. 

>o 

__r...     feel 

feel  it 

^-                                              felt 

C^ 

.    .    .    .    explore-d-ation 
express-ed-ive 
exquisite 

^o    fell  in 

X 

V>_^      linancial 

Q  0 

.            footstep 

_.v_ 

-V- 

1 

extraordinary 
.    .        .   .  extravagant-ce 
extreme 

Vj,         for  instance 

d 
^         .         :    .    .    .    .       for  all 

for  all  are 

F 

.  fact 

V^       ....  for  the  plaintiff 

__S*-_              .    for  the  defendant 

12O 


.^  .  for  all  it,  or  for  all  had 

G 

^\/~ 
v        formal-  ity 

y       formation 

-Sy_  former-]y 
formless 

^  p        .                             "lorious 

•?         govern  -merit 

^       fortune-ate-ly 

I=Y         .    .        ...  grandchild 

Jj        fraction 

_  .c^j  _.      ....   granddaughter 
c-e^^      grandson 

«-r\         Great  Britain 

<=-         guilt-y 

H 

__df^=-_    habeas  corpus 
|..._      had  had,  or  it 

—  \-—    happy 

Q_       fuller 

~            frantic 

<r~^        from  one 

0 

.  has  known 

C'XV~>      .    .         .         ...  from  it 

\o  have  ing  been 
V^_P        henceforth 

°i       ....     furnish-ed-ture 

___y  future-ity 

._../\    heretofore 

131 


.    .       history-ical 

holy 

holier 

—£—. holiest 

horticulture-al 

.j£___-  House  of  Representatives 


..A hopeful  ness 

I 

v-^o  .^1  am  in  receipt  of 

your  letter 

r 

I idle  ness 

.'--    .    .    .    .  if  all  are,  or  our 

identical 

^---^Tbo.    .    .    .   if  the  court  please 

_ ignorance 

ignorant 

.(_.__ illegible  ity 

-~i/- imagine-ary-ation 

—£/---- imaginative 

,/.— imagined 

immoral-ity 

_ immortal  ity 


immortalize 

....  impatience 

impatient 

.  .  improper-ly-riety 
•  •  •  •  .  .  in  all 
....  indefatigable 

indenture 

....  independent 
....  indescribable 
.  .  .  indignant 
...  .  individual 
....  inliabit-ed-ant 

inquire 

.  .  .  .  insignificant 
....  .  instant 


I/.. 


integrity 

intellectual 

in  (or  in  the)consideration 


...   inconsiderate-ness 

_ information 

.    .    informed  inform-ant 


183 


in  it 

...       in  one,  any  one 

in  our 

in  relation 

.  .  in  reply  to  your  letter 
. .    .  in  reply  to  your  favor 

inscribe-d 

i 

inscription 

insecure 

in  so  far  as 

....  in  the  first  place 
i .  in  (or  in  the)  second  place 

interior 

.:r.!\....    •    •    •    interpret-ed-ation 

H>         intestate 

intolerable 

"~-'v_       invite-ation 

f        irreligious 

...  is  known,  or  none 

is  said 

.    .  is  said  to  have 


t 


--L-- 


is  there 

is  it 

issue 

issued 

.  .  .  is  just  at  hand 
...  it  had  or  would 
.  it  had  or  would  not 

it  ought 

it  ought  not 

...  it  ought  to  have 

it  ought  to  have  had 

.    .  it  would  have  had 

itself 

J 

January 

Jehovah 

Jesus 

.  .  .  Jesus  Christ 
.  .  Jesus  of  Nazareth 

joint  stock 

judicial 


183 


-X 

lengtliv 

lengthen 

lengthened 

---/—•  jury 
-...</.  —  .                     .  jurisdiction 

u 

little 

long 

0..--  justice 
....£.-'--  justify-iable 

.    longer 

M 

...f^..-  just  received 

L 

LJ,...  .  .  ladies  and  gentlemen 
/        large 

»x       machinist 

s^    machinery 

/^-^       ....    may  have  been 
'~\:i    may  it  please  your  honor 

....  ?  larger 

/.    .    .    .  largest 
s 

^          .  may  it  please  the  court 
^         magnet-ic-ism 
*~~~?       majority 

/^        ....  learned  counsel 

'  —  \^  .    .     .  manufacture-r-ory 
^~J       ....      Massachusetts 
^—  ^         ....  mechanic-al-ism 
J         ....     Mediterranean 
1     ....  memoranda-inn 

_.f7.__  learned  judge 
/       ....  legislate-d-ation 

/7        legible-ity 
.  illegible-ity 

'  7 

.    .        .        ...  len<*th 

x  mental-ily 

v  p       .    .        ,    .        .  next  day 

s~Z$       mentioned 

v_  '  —    ••....     .    .    neglect 

£r-x       mercy-iful 

„  n      .....     New  Jersey 

^—  .  -^/t    merchandise 

^~Y       New  York 

'    y      messenger 

••  —  *       ....  New  York  City 

r 

^_^       .    .     .    New  \  ork  State 

\2  metropolis 

-  —  -^      nobody 

\   ....  microscope-ic-al 

^^"^       ....    North  Carolina 

might-y 

^~^V    November 

million-  th 

misfortune 

no  other 

mistake 

no  other  one 

moral-ity 

mortal-ity 

%  obligatory 

mortgage 

c  —       occur 

/      mortgagee 

.    .  occurred 

•       My  dear  Sir 

<-  —  0       occurrence 

^         of  it 

v  0               ,          ...        next 

V^        ofthr 

~^_p       next  time 

.    .  often-times 

\ 


ofttimes 

.A_.    ...      .    omnipotent- ce 

3 

...      .on  either  hand 
0. on  the  other  hand 

r  _•> 

on  (or  on  the)  one  hand 

— -/.    .    .one  other,  or  another 

— •?..- only 

opposition 

?\^-~    ....  oppression 

J. order 

ordinary 

organ 

organize 

organization 

over  it 

.  overtake 


...\  __ preliminary 

..C\.._ parallel 

._(\ parliament-ary 

.  \ .    .    .       party,  patent-ed 


- 


....^. 


.  .  party  of  the  first  part 
party  of  the  second  part 

partake 

passenger 

people 

perfect 

perfected 

perfection 

Pennsylvania 

....  perform-ed-ance 
....  permanent-ly-ce 
....  perpendicular-ity 

person 

.  .  .  philanthropy-ic-ist ' 
.  .  .  phenomena-on-al 

Philadelphia 

.    .    .    photography-ic-er 

popular-ity 

power 

powerful 

practice 


130 


_V 

-v 
.V 


present 

prejudice-d 

.  .  prepare-d-atory-ation 

Presbyterian 

pretty 

prima-facie 

professor 

profit-ed 

proof-prove 

prominent  ce 

property 

proportion 

protection 

production 

....  punish-ed-ment 
purpose 

R 

real-ity 

realize 

....   recollect-ed-ion 
recover-ed 


.    .  reform-ed-atory 
religion 

c/ 

/ 

(S- 

.  relinquish-ed-ment 
.    .    .  remonstrate-d 
.    .    .   republican 

^ 

/\ 

.    .    .  repute-d-ation 
.    respect-  ed-ing-ful 

, 

....     revenge-d 

^ 

£2    .  . 

^ 

C  

1  •    • 

.  .  Roman  Catholic 

s 

.    .    .    said  to  have 
salvation 
.    .  .  San  Francisco 
....    satisfy-ied 

187 


R--     satisfaction 
—  -L-  N__    •    scripture-al 
..~c^f.—    .    .    .  Secretary  of  State 
...ex/-..    .    .    .    Secretary  of  War 
.    scientific 

^o 

south-eastern 
(° 

<:\^> 
'-—    .    .      .    .    south-western 

—  .1<rr>>  September 
....A  serious 
-          ...                        set  off 

\ 

p 
—  u  set  fotth 

J         shall  it 

I 

J          .    .    she  had,  she  would 

\ 

V- 

.---".„..  .....  significant-ce-cy 

X 

-    ..     -    .         ....  spiritualistic 

signification 

...\_»—  spontaneous 
_..  £^...     standard 

similar-ity 

simple-icity 

single-d 

—  singular-ity 

P 
~—  _    situation 

-    C~~3                                     skillful 

..-.^_^  stenography-er-ic 

....^U.  —  stranger 
q 

q 

—   ....  stupendous-ness 

.JU 
J* 

.  tendency 
elegraph-ic 
tament-ary 

siihlimp-itv 

V 

% 

ft—     -  substantial 

f 

.  f  that  thr 
anksgiving 
henceforth 
icre  ought 
lave  been 
the  other 

s 
Q 

V  —    .    .     substantiate-d-ation 

J 

So.  .    .        ...  substitute-d 

-^ 

th 
< 
t 

— 

ft  —  such  had 

5" 

...A... 

there  ought  to  1 

6 

ft 

such  oiujht  to  have 

£ 

such  ought  to  have  had 

a 

there  will 
uld  or  had 
icy  are  all 
I  or  would 
;y  had  not 
lousand-th 
have  been 
ite-d-ation 
tolerance 
.    .     took 
transient 

....  .  ./°~.      .    .    .     such  would  have 
_JL-/_.    ....     sufficient-cy-ly 
e          ....    suggest-ed-ion 

.    .     there  wo 
.....      t 

.    .    .  they  hac 
th 

tl 

ov  .    .   .  superintend-ed-ent 

•~4  

0 

\  supreme-acy 

-v- 

r 

to 
....    toler 

c- 

.]....    swindle-d-r 

...... 

take 
take  it 



taken 

« 

tragedy 
.    .    .  trans-  Atlantic 

..r\._  -.  virtuous 

-fe=     .  . 

virtuously 
visible 

JL.  .  . 

.    .    .  transcend  -ed 
.    .    .     transfer-red 

w 

-  -    -          ....  warrant-ed-able 

-v  .  ; 

.    .       transform  -ed 

u 

.    .     .    .         .  under 

.    <J         ...             was  to  have 

X.  was  thr 
^T     we  are  in  receipt 

^> 

.    .    .  United  States 

^ 

.    .    .    .  universe-al 
.    .      .  universalism 
university 

"^         of  your  valued  favor 
.    .    we  are  to  have 

V, 

we  know 

3 

unless 

....  we  have  known 

uniform 

...L.  welcome 
we  made 

-V  -  - 

V 

.    .     vegetate-d-ion 
.    .    .  vegetable-rian 
....  vengeance 
....   vice-versa 
Virginia 

.    .  .  we  may  have  been 

we  may,  with  me  or  my 

-s-  •  - 

V  •••• 

.   we  may  not,  we  meant 

we  mention 

__(/____  .    were  it 

13O 


were  made 

> were  meant 

5— -    ....  were  mentioned 

•^ were  no 

-iX  .  what  is  your  occupation 
.    .  where  do  you  reside 
....        .  where  it 
.  which  are  to  have 
.  which  had  cr  would  not 

.    .  which  ought  to  have 
/        which  ought  to 
have  had,  or  it 


which  ought  not 

...  which  have  had 

which  will  it 

...    which  will  not 

.    .  which  would  have 


which  would 

have  had  or  it 

._ while  it 

._ wish  it 

_ with  him 


...61.. 


women 


work-ed 

....     workman-men 


year-s 

yes  sir 

-  .  .  .  your  valued  favor 
...  your  letter  at  hand 
.  .  your  communication 
.  .  your  esteemed  favor 


131 


Practice  Letters  for  Students. 


LETTER  OF  APPLICATION. 


341  Watson  St., 

May  3,  1891. 

The  James  Jackson    Co., 
City. 

Gentlemen  : 

Mr.  Many  informs  me  that  you  are  desirous 
of  securing  the  services  of  an  amanuensis.  I  have  recently 
completed  a  thorough  course  in  short-hand  under  the 
direction  of  Prof.  Chase,  and  wish  to  procure  employ- 
ment. 

I  am  permitted  to  refer  you  to  the  above  named 
gentlemen;  also  to  Mr.  Cassel,  President  of  the  Marine 
Bank. 

Hoping  for  a  favorable  response,  I  am, 

Respectfully, 

HENRY  KEEPER. 


13  a 


LETTER  OF  APPLICATION. 


39  Maryland  Ave., 

March  29,   1891. 
Messrs.  Harris  &  Bro., 

14  Board  of  Trade  Bldg.,  City. 

Gentlemen: 

I  am  desirous  of  securing  a  position  as  stenog- 
rapher, and  am  informed  that  there  is  a  vacancy  in  your 
office. 

Should  you  desire  an  interview,   I  shall  be  pleased  to 
call  at  such  time  as  you  may  designate. 

References. 

Barnes,  Hengerer  &  Co., 

John  T.  Noye  Mfg.  Co., 

Tonawanda  Lumber  Co.,  Tonawanda,  N.  Y. 

Respectfully, 

MAUD  EMERSON. 


133 


COMMENDATORY  LETTER,  (SPECIAL). 


Office  of 
H.  B.  CLAFLIN  &  CO., 

New  York,  April  20,  1891. 

Messrs.  Wood  &  Co., 

Chicago,  Ills. 

Gentlemen: 

Your  letter  of  the  i8th  is  before  us.  We  can 
recommend  Mr.  Harvey  Hale  as  a  young  man  of  unusual 
ability,  and  strict  business  integrity.  He  has  been  in  our 
employ,  as  stenographer,  for  three  years,  during  the  past 
two  of  which  he  has  had  entire  charge  of  the  correspond- 
ence, and  has  filled  this  difficult  position  with  perfect 
satisfaction. 

Yours  truly, 

H.  B.  CLAFLIN  &  CO. 


134 


COMMENDATORY  LETTER,  (GENERAL.) 


COLLEGE  OF  BUSINESS, 

Coleman,  N.  Y. ,  April  27,  '91. 
To  the  Business  Public  : 

This  is  to  certify  that  Miss  Jennie  Hood  is  a 
graduate  of  the  Short-hand  Department  of  this  Institution. 
She  has  a  speed  of  about  one  hundred  thirty-five  words  per 
minute  on  miscellaneous  matter,  and  can  transcribe  her 
notes  rapidly  and  accurately.  During  the  time  spent 
under  our  direction  we  have  always  found  her  punctual, 
and  ready  to  perform  any  task  imposed  upon  her. 
Respectfully, 


LETTER  OF  INTRODUCTION,  (BUSINESS.) 


JAMES'  BUSINESS  COLLEGE, 

Bennett,  N.  Y.,  May,  1891. 

John   Mooney,   Esq., 

Johnstown,  Pa. 

Dear  Sir  : 

This  will  introduce  to  you  Mr.  David  E.  Bell, 
the  young  man  we  send  in  answer  to  your  application  for 
a  stenographer.  Mr.  Bell  is  well  prepared,  and  we  are 
sure  you  will  find  him,  in  every  way,  a  desirable  assistant. 

Yours  truly, 

JAMES  BROS. 


136 


LETTER  OE  INTRODUCTION,   (SOCIAL.) 


Grand  Rapids,  Mich., 
April  23,  1891. 


Dear  Charles, 


This  will  introduce  to  you  my  much  esteemed 
friend,  Mr.  George  Reed.  He  is  taking  a  business  trip  to 
New  York,  and  I  have  persuaded  him  to  spend  a  day  with 
you.  I  have  pictured  in  glowing  terms  your  beautiful 
home  and  genial  hospitality,  and  I  bespeak  for  him  a  very 
enjoyable  time. 

Yours  very  truly, 

J.   C.  WINTER. 

Dr.  Charles  Meade, 

Cleveland,  Ohio. 


137 


LETTER    ulJDEUiNi;    GOODS. 


Summit,  Pa., 

Apr.  13,  1891. 

Messrs.  Granger  &  Co., 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Gentlemen  : 

Please  ship  at  once,  by  fast  freight,  the  following: 

15  boxes  M.  Soap. 

5  chests  Best  Oolong  Tea. 
10  bbls.  Granulated  Sugar. 

3      "      Light  Brown  Sugar. 

We  wish  you  would  exercise  special  care  in  the  selec- 
tion of  the  tea,  as  our  customers  complained  that  the  last 
lot  was  not  up  to  the  usual  standard. 

Draw  at  30  days'  sight  for  amount  of  bill. 

Respectfully, 

}.  O.  WAKEFIELD. 


138 


Guide  to  the  Use  of  Capitals. 


The  following  rules  for  the  use  of  capitals  have  been  very 
carefully  prepared,  and,  with  the  copious  illustrations,  will  be 
found  of  much  assistance  to  the  young  stenographer. 

1.  Every  Sentence  and  Every  Line  of  Poetry 

should  begin  with  a  capital. 

2.  Proper  Names  should  begin  with  capitals;  as,  John 
and  James  went    to   the    White   Mountains.     The   city  of 
Cincinnati  is  on  the  Ohio  river. 

3.  Proper  Adjectives  and  Words  derived  from 
Proper  Names  should  begin  with  capitals;  as,  American, 
Roman,    Bostonian,   Swedish,    Smithsonian,    to     Christian- 
ize. 

4.  Direct  Quotations. — When  the  exact  words  of  a 
speaker  or  writer  are  used,  the  first  word  should  begin  with 
a  capital;  as,  James  said,  "Come  with  me." 

5.  The   pronoun    /  and   the  interjection    O  should  be 
capitals. 

6.  Names  of  God,  words  denoting  or  referring  to  the 
Deity  should  begin  with  capitals ;  as,  '  'Trust  in  Providence. ' ' 
"For  in  Thee,  O  Lord  do  I  hope."     "Thou  wilt  hear,    O 
Lord  my   God."     "Trust  in  Him  and  He  will  give  you 
rest."     Jehovah,  Creator,  Almighty. 

139 


y.  Months  of  the  Year,  Days  of  the  Week, 
days,  and  Speeial  Seasons  shouid  begin  with  capitals; 
as,  January,  Monday,  Christmas,  Fourth  of  July,  Good 
Friday,  Lent,  Advent,  Trinity. 

Spring,   summer,  fall,   autumn,   and  tender,  should   not 
be  capitalized  unless  personified. 

8.  Titles  of  Honor  and  Office  should  begin  with 
capitals;   as,    Dr.;    Mr.;    Rev.;    General  Hood;    Sergeant 
Mills;   Peter  Chase,   D.   D .,   LL.  D.;  Hon   James  Dn-c; 
President  Madison;  His  Honor,  the  Mayor. 

9.  Names  Personified.       The    name    ot    anything 
spoken   of  as  a  person  should  begin  with  a   capital;  as, 
"Come  gentle  Spring,"  "Then  Hope  said." 

10.  In  Headings  and  Titles  the  important  words, 
(usually  nouns,  pronouns,  adjectives,  verbs,  and  adverbs) 
should  be  capitalized;  as,    "An  Illustrated  History  of  the 
State  of  Vermont,"  Pope's  "Essay  on  Man,"  "His  Majesty, 
Myself." 

In  books,  the  titles  and  heads  of  the  principal  divisions  are 
printed  in  small  capitals. 

11.  Names  Composed  of  Proper  and  Common 
Nouns;  such  as,  Junior  course,  Cayuga  creek,  Andes  moun- 
tains, etc.,  should  have  the  first  word  only  capitalized,  (unless 
used  in  a  title  or  in  an  address)  because  it  may  be  used 
alone.     In  such  names  as  Rocky  Mountains,  Jersey  City, 
Black  Hills,  etc.,  both  parts  should  be  capitalized,  as  both 
are  necessary  to  describe  the  place. 

12.  Religious  Sects,  Political  Parties,  Organi= 
nations,  Societies  and  Companies  should  begin  with 
capitals;    as   Methodist.    Catholic,    Republican,    Prohibition 

140 


party,  Band  of  Hope,  Radicals,  Conservatives,  The   Courier 
Co. 

13.  Distinct  Regions  ;  as,  Pacific  Coast,  the  North, 
the  Southwest,  ATorf/i  Siberia,  etc.,   should   be   capitalized. 
In  the  sentence,  He  was  traveling  west,  west  should  not  be 
capitalized  as  it  denotes  simply  direction. 

In  the  sentence,  He  went    West,  west  should  begin  with 
a  capital,  as  it  here  denotes  a  certain  part  of  the  country. 

14.  Words    of    Special     Importance   describing 
great   events,    or  special    things    which    have    acquired    a 
distinct   name   should  be    capitalized  ;    as,    Blue  Jlfonday, 
Gulf  Stream,    the   Dark  Ages,    the   Revolution^  the    Civil 
War. 

15.  It  is  sometimes  allowable  to  capitalize  a  word  in 
order -to  give  it  special  emphasis  ;  as,  Write  every. /V^ter 
Name,  and  every  Adjective  derived  from  a  Proper  Notin 
with  an  initial-capital. — Swintori s  Grammar. 

1 6.  In    display  advertisements,    important    words    are 
generally   capitalized.       It  is   also    customary   in   writing 
amounts  in  checks,  notes,  etc.,  to  capitalize  each  word  ;  as, 
Four  Hundred  Thirty  ;   also  different  items  and  important 
words  in  bills  ;  as,  3  Ibs.  Tea,  4  bu.  Potatoes,  etc. 


141 


Punctuation. 


Punctuation  is  so  important  a  part  of  the  education  of 
the  stenographer,  and  so  few  have  a  practical  knowledge  of 
the  art,  that  it  has  been  thought  advisable  to  give  in  this 
book  a  series  of  rules  which,  it  is  hoped,  will  be  found  of 
great  benefit  to  the  stenographer,  and  enable  him  to  render 
better  transcripts  than  he  otherwise  could. 


THE  COMMA. 

The  comma  denotes  the  least  of  the  divisions  of  a  sen- 
tence. The  following  rules  will  show  its  principal  uses. 

RULE  i.  When  words  or  phrases  are  not  essential  to  the 
meaning  or  structure  of  the  sentence  in  which  they  stand, 
but  are  merely  thrown  in,  as  it  were,  they  should  usually 
be  set  off  by  commas  ;  as,  It  is  said,  however,  that  the  con- 
ditions are  favorable.  He  has  just  heard,  evidently,  of  the 
late  disaster.  A  practical  education  is,  in  fact,  the  key  to 
success.  He  went,  accordingly,  and  made  arrangements. 

RULE  2.  Clauses  or  Phrases  coming  between  the 
subject  and  predicate  of  a  sentence,  or  between  any  of  its 
principal  parts,  should  usually  be  set  off  by  commas. 

143 


EXAMPLES. 

The  painter  has,  with  perfect  reality,  depicted  the  horrors 
of  war. 

"The  sun,  with  all  its  train  of  attendant  planets,  is  but  q 
small  portion  of  the  universe. 

John,  who  had  studied  faithfully,  secured  the  prize. 

The  book,  though  not  a  new  one,  was  highly  prized. 

RULE  3.  The  Ellipsis  of  a  Verb  should  be  marked 
by  a  comma  ;  as,  James  went  to  France;  John,  to  England. 
He  has  one  book  ;  she,  two.  Commas  indicate  the  closest 
connection  ;  brackets,  the  remotest. 

RULE  4.      Relative    Clauses,     not     Restrictive, 

should  usually  be  set  off  by  commas. 

EXAMPLES. 

The  young  man,  who  seemed  very  bright,  found  ready 
employment. 

They  intend  to  go  in  the  spring,  which  is  the  most  delight- 
ful season  of  the  year  in  that  country. 

The  giant  trees  of  California,  which  are  the  largest  in  the 
-.'orld,  are  falling  victims  to  man's  greed. 

NOTE  i.  A  clause  is  restrictive  when  it  limits  the  meaning  of  some  par- 
ticular word  to  some  particular  sense ;  as,  Books  which  tire  full  of  knowledge 
are  valuable.  Here  the  author  does  not  say  that  all  books  are  valuable,  but 
merely  those  that  are  full  of  knowledge.  The  clause  is,  therefore,  restrict- 
ive, and  should  not  be  set  off  by  commas.  Some  authors  would,  however, 
place  a  commit  after  knowledge  to  mark  the  logical  subject. 

NOTE  2.  If  several  words  come  between  the  relative  and  its  antecedent,, 
a  comma  should  precede  the  relative  even  if  it  is  used  restrictively  ;  as,  He 
is  the  best  man,  who  does  the  most  good. 

NOTE.  3.  A  comma  should  always  be  placed  before  the  relative,  if  it  is- 
immediately  followed  by  a  word  or  phrase  set  off  by  commas;  as,  The 

143 


engineer,  who,  through  gross  carelessness,  wrecked  the  train,  deserves  the 
^•veicst  censure,  lie  met  with  a  painful  accident,  which,  however,  did  not 
permanently  injure  him. 

Rule  5.  Ail  Appositive  Word,  together  with  its 
adjuncts,  should  usually  be  set  off  by  commas.  Titles, 
when  affixed  to  a  noun  or  pronoun,  should  also  be  set  oft 
by  a  comma,  or  commas. 

EXAMPLES. 

Gladstone,  the  noted  statesman,  lives  in  England. 
Victoria,  The  Queen  of  England,   is  very  wealthy. 
Rev.  James  Russell,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. 
Harold  Hunt,  Esq. 

NOTE  I.  When  the  appositive  consists  of  only  one  word,  or  only  one 
word  preceded  by  the  article  //it',  no  comma  is  usually  required  ;  as  Jesus  the 
Saviour  was  crucified. 

NOTE  2.  In  sentences  like  the  following,  the  appositive  is  not  set  off 
by  commas;  as,  Goldsmith  Maid  was  called  the  queen  of  the  turf.  lie- 
was  chosen  king.  They  elected  him  president. 

RULE  6.  The  Simple  Members  of  a  Compound 
Sentence,  unless  short  and  closely  connected,  are  gen- 
erally divided  by  commas. 

EXAMPLES. 

The  machine  is  a  marvel  of  simplicity,  but  its  work  is 
truly  wonderful. 

"Life  is  short  and  time  is  fleeting." — Short,  no  comma  needed. 

Be  charitable,  meet  your  obligations  promptly,  and  you 
will  be  respected. 

He  speaks  earnestly,  and  his  words  carry  conviction 
with  them. 

NOTE.  When  the  members  have  commas  within  themselves,  a  semi- 
colon is  usually  placed  between  the  members ;  as  James,  though  younger/  was 
soon  noted  for  his  fine  wortc  ;  but  John,  being  lazy  and  indifferent,  met  with 
little  success. 

144 


RULE   7.     Similar   Phrases    forming    a    Series 

should  have  a  comma  after  each  phrase. 
EXAMPLES. 

He  has  sailed  the  seas  in  merchantmen,  government 
cruisers,  and  fleet  ocean  racers. 

An  earnest  purpose,  a  desire  to  excel,  and  persistent 
application,  will  win  success. 

RULE  8.  Words  or  Phrases  in  Pairs  should  have 
a  comma  after  each  pair. 

EXAMPLES. 

Minute  by  minute,  day  by  day,  and  week  by  week,  the 
work  goes  on. 

He  has  studied  Latin  and  Greek,  philosophy  and  chem- 
istry, and  drawing  and  music- 

RULE  9.  Similar  Words  in  a  Series  should  usu- 
ally be  separated  from  each  other  by  commas. 

EXAMPLES. 

Men,  women,  boys,  and  girls  were  there.  He  spoke 
rapidly,  distinctly,  and  forcibly. 

The  sun,  moon,  planets,  and  stars  are  objects  of  earnest 
study. 

Love,  faith,  hope,  and  charity  are  written  on  their  banner. 

NOTE  I.  In  a  series  of  similar  words  no  commas  are  required,  if  the  con- 
nectives are  all  expressed.  (See  example  I  below.)  If  the  connectives  are 
all  omitted,  the  words  must  not  only  be  separated  from  each  other  by  com- 
mas, but  a  comma  must  be  placed  after  the  last  one  to  separate  it  from  what 
follows  (see  example  2.) 

EXAMPLES. 

i.  Every  thought  and  every  word  and  every  action  will 
be  brought  into  judgment. 

145 


2.  Every  thought,  every  word,  every  action,  will  be 
brought  into  judgment. 

NOTE  2.  If  the  terms  are  adjectives,  no  comma  should  be  inserted 
between  the  last  one  and  its  noun,  if  the  latter  \sfinal ;  as,  She  was  a  kind, 
generous,  noble  woman. 

RULE  10.     Independent  Elements  should  be  set  off 
by  commas. 
UNDER  THE  ABOVE  HEAD  ARE  INCLUDED  : 

1.  The  nominative  case  independent  ;  as,  I  believe,  Mr. 
Secretary,  an  error  has  been  made.    James,  go  at  once. 

2.  The  nominative  case  absolute  ;  as,  He  being  deaf,  we 
talked  without  fear  of  being  heard. 

3.  Independent  adverbs  ;  as,   WJiy,  how  well  you  look. 

4.  Unemphatic  Interjections  ;  as,  Oh,  how  kind  you  are. 

RULE    n.     Dependent   and   Conditional   Clauses 

are  usually  set  off  by  commas. 

EXAMPLES. 

I  will  go  early  in  the  morning,  if  I  can  secure  a  horse. 
I  will  not  go,  unless  he  returns  by  this  evening. 
Educate  a  man.,  and  you  increase  his  usefulness. 

NOTI:  i.  In  the  preceding  sentence  the  condition  is  implied  ;  the  mean- 
ing being,  "//run  educate  a  man,"  etc. 

NOTE  2.  A  clause  is  dependent  when  it  requires  another  to  complete  its 
meaning.  A  dependent  clause  usually  begins  with  if,  unless,  where,  when, 
until,  in  order,  etc. 

NOTE  3.  If  the  sentence  is  short,  and  the  connection  close,  no  comma 
should  be  used;  as,  He  will  come  as  he  went.  You  may  return  when  you 
can. 

RULE  12.  Transposed  Phrases  or  Clauses  placed 
at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence,  should  usually  be  set  off  by 
a  comma. 

146 


EXAMPLES. 

At  the  end  of  a  feic  hours,  they  reached  the  cabin. 
Hunted   by   every   one,    there   seemed   little    chance    ot 
escape. 

To  tell  the  truth,  his  record  was  never  brilliant. 
To  be  plain,  I  cannot  say  I  like  it. 

"  Who  icouldbefree,  themselves  must  strike  the  blow." 
NOTE.     In  making  out  catalogues,  and  lists  of  names,  the  last  name  is 
generally  written  first,  and  a  comma  placed  after  it ;  as, 
Brooks,  James  A. 
Luce,  Messrs.  E.  cV  J. 
Hood,  Dr.  O.  B. 
Case,  Geo.  M.,  Jr. 

RULE  13.  A  Short  Quotation,  or  a  sentence  resem- 
bling a  quotation,  should  be  introduced  by  a  comma. 

EXAMPLES. 

He  said,  "  I  will  be  there." 
Resolved,  "  That  we  tender  our  thanks." 
I  say,  "  You  ought  not  to  go." 

He  began  his  speech  by  saying,  "It  is  a  pleasure  to  be 
with  you  again." 

Rule  14.  The  Comma  should  be  used  to  pre= 
vent  ambiguity,  and  to  make  prominent  emphatic  or 
contrasted  parts. 

EXAMPLES. 

He  is  liberal,  not  lavish.     (Contrasted  parts.) 
The  convict  walked,  and  slept  upon  his  bed. 

' '  Every  lady  in  the  land 
Has  twenty  nails  upon  each  hand, 
Five  and  twenty  upon  hands  and  feet  ; 
This  is  true  without  deceit." 

147 


NOTE  EFFECT  OF  PUNCTUATION. 

"  Kvery  lady  in  the  land 
Has  twenty  nails  ;  upon  each  hand, 
Five;  and  twenty  upon  hands  and  feet: 
This  is  true  without  deceit.'' 


THE    SEMICOLON. 

The  Semicolon  is  used  to  mark  the  division  of  a  sentence 
next  longer  than  that  indicated  by  the  comma. 

RULE  i.  Subdivided  Members.  A  semicolon  is 
generally  used  between  members  that  are  subdivided  by 
commas,  unless  the  connection  is  very  close. 

EXAMPLES. 

The  model,  though  in  a  crude  state,  was  exhibited  a  year 
ago  ;  and  now,  for  the  first  time,  a  perfect  cast  has  been 
secured. 

Garfield,  like  Lincoln,  was  born  of  humble  parents  ;  and, 
like  Lincoln,  was  killed  by  an  assassin's  bullet  while  hold- 
ing the  highest  office  in  the  gift  of  the  nation. 

RULE  2.    Clauses  and  Expressions  in  a  Series, 

having  a  common  dependence  upon  another  clause,  are 
separated  from  each  other  by  semicolons,  and  from  the 
clause  upon  which  they  depend,  by  a  comma. 

EXAMPLES. 

He  said,  that  you  agreed  to  furnish  fifty  tons  of  coal ; 
that  you  were  to  deliver  in  five-ton  lots  ;  and  that  you 
accepted  his  offer  of  four  dollars,  net. 

148 


They  claim,  that  the  instrument  is  superior  to  all  others  ; 
that  it  is  simpler  in  construction  ;  that  its  action  is  easier 
and  quicker  ;  and  that  its  tone  is  fuller  and  richer. 

NOTE.  If  the  clause  upon  which  the  others  depend,  comes  at  the  end  of 
the  sentence,  it  is  usually  separated  from  them  by  a  comma,  followed  by  a 
dash.  Thus :  "  To  give  preference  to  honor  above  gain,  when  they  stand  in 
competition ;  to  despise  every  advantage  which  cannot  be  attained  without 
dishonest  acts ;  to  brook  no  meanness ;  and  to  stoop  to  no  dissimulations, — 
are  the  indications  of  a  great  mind. 

RULE  3.  A  General  Term  in  Apposition  is  usually 
separated  from  the  particulars  under  it  by  a  semicolon,  and 
the  particulars,  from  each  other  by  commas  ;  as, — 

He  selected  three  books  ;  Pilgrim's  Progress,  David 
Copperfield,  and  Recreations  in  Astronomy. 

NOTE.  Jf  the  particulars  contain  commas  within  themselves,  they  should 
be  separated  from  each  other  by  semicolons,  and  from  the  general  term  by  a 
colon  ;  as, — 

He  selected  three  books :  Pilgrim's  Progress,  by  Bunyan  ;  David  Copper- 
field,  by  Dickens ;  and  Recreations  in  Astronomy,  by  Warren. 

RULE  4.  Short  Sentences,  without  grammatical  de- 
pendence, yet  connected  in  meaning,  are  usually  separated 
from  each  other  by  semicolons. 

EXAMPLES. 

The  winter  has  gone  ;  the  summer  is  here  with  its  sun- 
shine and  flowers. 

I  know  the  morning  ;  I  am  acquainted  with  it  and  love  it, 
fresh  and  sweet  as  it  is  ;  a  daily  new  creation,  breaking  forth 
and  calling  all  that  have  life  and  breath  and  being  to  new 
adorations,  new  enjoyments,  and  new  gratitude. — Daniel 
Webster. 

NOTE.  When  the  sentences  are  short,  and  the  connection  very  close,  a 
comma  is  generally  used ;  as,  The  sun  is  shining,  trees  are  budding,  birds  are 
singing  ;  all  the  earth  seems  glad. 

149 


RULE  5.     An  Additional  Clause.     When    a  clause 
stating  a  reason,  explanation,  or  enumeration  is  added  to  a 
preceding  sentence,  it  should  be  preceded  by  a  semicolon, 
if  introduced  by  a  connecting  word,  but  by  a  colon  if  not. 
EXAMPLES. 

You  should  gather  all  you  can  ;  for  it  will  be  needed. 

You  should  gather  all  you  can  :  it  will  be  needed. 

NOTE  I.  A  comma  is  sometimes  used  when  the  sentences  are  very  short 
and  the  connection  close ;  as  "  Be  just,  and  fear  not."  "  Think  much,  speak 
little." 

NOTE  2.  As,  namely,  -thus,  and  that  is,  when  used  to  connect  an 
example  with  a  rule,  should  be  preceded  by  a  semicolon,  and  followed  by  a 
comma;  as,  There  are  two  divisions  of  Grammar;  namely,  Etymology 
and  Syntax. 


THE  COLON. 

The  Colon  is  used  to  mark  a  division  next  greater  than 
that  indicated  by  the  semicolon,  and  next  below  that  of  the 
period. 

Two  rules  have  already  been  given  for  the  use  of  the 
colon,  see  RULE  5,  also  NOTE,  RULE  3,  under  "Semicolons." 

RULE  i.  Greater  Divisions.  The  Colon  is  gener- 
ally used  between  the  divisions  of  a  sentence  that  are  sub- 
divided by  semicolons. 

EXAMPLE. 

' '  The  three  great  enemies  to  tranquility  are  vice,  super- 
stition and  idleness  :  vice,  which  poisons  and  disturbs  the 
mind  with  bad  passions  ;  superstition,  which  fills  it  with 
imaginary  terrors  ;  idleness,  which  loads  it  with  tediousness 
and  disgust." 


RULE  2.  Direct  Quotations,  if  long,  or  formally 
introduced,  should  be  preceded  by  a  colon. 

NOTE  i.  "If,  in  reading,  the  introduction  takes,  on  the  last  word,  the 
falling  inflection,  it  is  formal;  if  it  takes  the  rising  inflection  it  is  informal, 
and  requires  a  comma.''  —  Westlake. 

EXAMPLES. 

He  rose  and  said:  "I  did  not  come  here  this  evening 
with  the  intention  of  speaking,"  etc. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  in  speaking  of  indolence,  said:  "Of 
all  the  cankers  of  human  happiness,  none  corrodes  with  so 
silent,  yet  so  baneful  an  influence  as  indolence. 

NOTE  2.  If  the  quotation  begins  a  new  paragraph,  or  if  it  consists  of  sev- 
eral sentences,  a  dash  is  sometimes  placed  after  the  colon. 

EXAMPLE. 

When  the  meeting  was  called  to  order,  the  president  rose 
and  said: — 

"Gentlemen,  it  is  with  great  pleasure  that  I  introduce," 
etc. 

RULE  3.  Yes  and  Xo.  These  words  should  be  fol- 
lowed by  a  colon  when  equivalent  to  an  answer  that  is 
afterward  expressed  in  full. 

EXAMPLES. 

Will  he  go  now?     No:  he  cannot  go  now. 
Are  you  nearly  ready  ?     Yes,  kind  friend:  I  will  soon  be 
ready. 

NOTE.  In  such  cases  as,  "Yes,  sir,"  "Xo,  my  lords,"  etc.,  the  colon 
should  come  after  the  last  word  ;  thus.  Yes,  sir :  I  will  go  with  you.  Xo,  my 
lords  :  I  cannot  agree  to  your  proposition. 

RULE  4.  The  Expressions,  as  follou<s,  to  proceed, 
to  conclude,  etc.,  when  used  to  introduce  an  enumeration 

151 


or  example,  or  when  placed  at  the  beginning  of  a  paragraph 
and  referring  to  the  whole  of  it,  should  be  separated  from 
what  follows  by  a  colon;  as,  To  conclude:  your  education, 
in  its  truest,  noblest  sense,  can  never  be  completed. 

Xmr..  /"/;.  should  always  be  preceded  by  a  comma  and  followed  by  a 
colon;  as,  "There  are  three  cardinal  virtues,  vi/.:  faith,  hope,  and  charity. 

RULE  5.  A  Formal  Salutation  in  a  letter;  as,  Dear 
Sir,  Gentlemen,  etc.,  should  be  followed  by  a  colon,  when 
the  body  of  the  letter  begins  on  a  line  below. 

EXAMPLES. 
Dear  Madam: 

We  inclose  check  for  balance,  etc. 
Gentlemen: 

Your  favor  is  before  us 

NOTE.  When  the  body  of  the  letter  follows  immediately  after  the  salu- 
tation, on  the  sir  we-  Hut:,  the  colon  and  dash  are  both  used. 

EXAMPLES. 

My  dear  Sir: — Your  favor  of  the,  etc. 

Dear  Sir: — We  will  accept  your  proposition,  etc. 


THE  PERIOD. 

RULE  i.     Place  a  period  at  the  end  of  every  declarative 
and  every  imperative  sentence. 

EXAMPLES. 
James  went  west  to  Colorado.     Go  at  once. 

RULE  2.     Place  a  period  after  every  abbreviation. 

EXAMPLES. 

M.    D.,   for  Doctor  of  Medicine;  M.   C.   for   member  of 
Congress;  Feb.  for  February;  Esq.  for  Esquire,  etc. 

152 


NOTE.  When  figures  are  used  to  number  sections,  etc.,  a  period  should 
be  placed  after  the  figure  ;  as  "Three  things  are  needed  :  I.  Food.  2. 
Clothing.  3.  Medicine. 

A  period  should  also  be  placed  after  letters  when  used  as  numbers ;  as, 
Chapter  XX.,  Verse  V. 


INTERROGATION    POINT. 

RULE  i.  Place  an  interrogation  mark  after  every  ques- 
tion admitting  an  answer, 

EXAMPLES. 
When  did  you  go  ?     I  ask,  What  is  to  be  done  ? 

NOTE  I.  An  interrogation  point  does  not  always  mark  the  end  of  a 
sentence;  as, — 

The  question,  I  low  shall  we  go  ?  must  be  decided. 

NOTE  2.  When  several  questions  have  a  common  dependence  on  some 
preceding  word  or  clause,  an  interrogation  point  should  be  placed  after  each 
question  ;  as,  WThen  did  he  go  ?  for  what  purpose  ?  with  whom  ? 

If,  however,  the  word  or  phrase  on  which  the  series  depend  comes  last, 
but  one  interrogation  point  is  used,  and  that  at  the  end;  as,  When,  for  what 
purpose,  with  whom  did  he  go  ? 

NOTE  3.  An  interrogation  mark  is  sometimes  used,  even  though  the 
words  are  not  put  in  the  form  of  a  question ;  as,  You  will  call  soon  ? 


THE   EXCLAMATION. 

The  exclamation  point  should  be  used  after  every 
expression  or  sentence  denoting  strong  emotion.  What 
bravery  !  Save  me  ! 

153 


NOTK  I.  An  inleijeeiii.il  i-  ^eneially  lollowed  liy  an  exelamation  point 
1  nemphatie  intrrjivtimis  cither  have  no  point  allrr  them,  <>t  .-!>e  are  followed 
i>\  a  i  onmia.  ('seldom  takes  any  point  immediately  after  it. 

I    \.\MIM.KS. 

Alas!  I  am  no  longer  rich. 
Oh!  it  hurts. 
Oh,  yes:   we  will  go. 
O  my  country! 

NOTK  2.     \Yheie  tin-  inteijcetion  forms  part  of  the  clause  or 

the  exelamation  point  should  In-  placed  at  tin-  end  ol'llie  elanse.   or 
ion;  as,  t  >  vain  man  !      ( >h  that  1  amid  make  him  happy  I 


TIIK  DASH. 

This    point    is   j^n-atly   inisuscil   by  many,    especially   by 
young  writers,  and  considerable  cari-  should  be  exercised 

in  its  use.     Do  not  employ  the  dash  where   another   ]>oint 
eould  be  substituted  for  it  without  chan^inq   the  meaning. 

RULE  i.     Abrupt  Changes  in  construction  or  senti- 
ment should  be  marked  by  a  dash. 

I   \AM1M.  •!•>. 

Could  it  have  been  James  —  but  no,   I  do  not  believe  he 
would  go. 
He  was  iMvat  —  in  his  own  estimation. 


RULE  2.  Use  the  dash  to  denote  a  summing  up  of  par- 
ticulars; as,  You  will  be  supplied  with  paper,  pens,  ink,  and 
pencil,  —  everything  needed. 

He  has  lost  home,  friends,  wealth,  —  everything. 

184 


RUI.K  ,v     Parenthetical   Expressions,  less  closely 

connected  with  the  rest  of  the  sentence  than  would  he 
indicated  by  commas,  should  he  inclosed  in  dashes;  as, — 

I  saw  probably  owing  to  the  rellocted  light  -tin-  li-uiv 
of  a  man. 

"Religion  who  can  doubt  it?  is  the  noblest  I  henu-  lor 
the  exercise  of  the  intellect." 

Kl  l.i'.   .).      The  dash  is  sometimes  used  in  the  following: 

1.  Afters.  )iani,-l\\  ax  follow '.v,  etc.,  when  the  example, 
enumeration,  or   quotation    begins  a  separate  line.      See  OS, 
below. 

2.  At   the    end   of    an    extract,    before  tin-    name    of   the 
author  or  work  ;  as,— 

Tin'  rose  is  finest  when  'tis  budding  new. — 


MARKS  OF   PARKNTHKSIS,  (  ). 

RULE  i.  The  curves  are  used  to  inclose  \\ords  or  figures 
inserted  in  a  sentence  by  way  of  comment,  but  having 
little  or  no  connection  with  the  .sentence;  as, 

This  error  uf  error  it  were)  caused  the  loss  ot  twenty 
lives,  and  the  destruction  of  much  valuable  property. 

Please  send  us  (if  you  have  in  stock  )  thpv  do/en  "Ideal" 
Copy  Holders. 

NOTE.  YVlirn  a  [mint  would  U- required  I ;, 'tween  the  puts  i  if  a  sentence, 
no  parenthesis  \vcn-  llicii-,  tlicn  saiil  puiiil  sluiulil  follow  llii'lust 
curvr,  unless  there  is  ;i  point  ;,'/'////;/  .  .  in  \vhieh  oisr  i(  sliou'id 

fir,;;/.--  f/n'  /i rs/ //<>•;;•;  as, — 

\\'hilc   tlif   si-ll'  ii'speetiiiL;  man  seeks  tile  L;<H»|  \\ill  nfntlicis  (Mini  theie  is 

no  reason  why  In:  slumU  not),  lie  will  not  itoop  to  dishonorable  means  to 

olilain  it. 

While  the  lelf-respecting  man  seeks  the  good-will  of  mini,,  (and  \\h\ 

.should  he  not?)  he  will  not  stoop  to  dishonorable  mean-  tc.  oiilain  il. 

I .-..-, 


QUOTATION    MARKS. 

RULE  i.  All  quoted  or  borrowed  expressions  should  be 
enclosed  in  quotation  marks  ;  as,  The  Bible  says,  "Thou 
shalt  not  steal."  John  said,  "I  will  surely  be  there." 

NOTE  I.  A  writer  may  quote  words  previously  used  by  himself;  as,  I 
can  only  repeat  what  I  wrote  you  before,  "I  cannot  accept." 

NOTE  2.  Sometimes  a  quotation  is  changed  somewhat;  that  is,  the 
exact  words  are  not  given.  In  such  cases  the  change  of  wording  should  be 
indicated  by  using  only  one  of  the  quotation  marks  at  beginning,  and  one  at 
end  of  quotation.  When  the  remarks  of  others  are  stated  in  our  own  lan- 
guage no  quotation  marks  should  be  used. 

NOTE  3.  When  a  quotation  is  inclosed  within  another  quotation,  the 
inclosed  one  should  have  only  single  marks;  as, — 

I  have  seen  it  stated,  "The  command,  'Thou  shalt  not  kill,'  forbids  many 
crimes  besides  that  of  murder." 

When  the  internal  quotation  comes  at  the  end,  three  apostrophes  are 
used;  as, — 

Some  one  has  said,  "  What  an  argument  for  prayer  is  contained  in  the 
words,  'Our  Father  which  art  in  heaven  !'  " 


I.-.6 


Ihibey* 


PAGE. 

A,  An,  And,   Representation  of „    .    ,    .    -_        ,  36 

Accent .    ,    ,      ....  47 

Accoin 83,  84 

Affixes 88 

A,  An,  And,  Beginning  a  Phrase 93 

A,  An,  And,  Omitted • 95 

Ality,  Ility,  Erity 89 

All,  Will,  added  by  an  L  Hook 99 

Alogy,  ( )lrgy 89 

Application,  Letter  of 132 

Are,  Our,  Added 99 

As,  Has,  Is,  His,  Joined  to  a  Circle 101 

B,  added  to  M  by  shading 70 

Ble,  Bly,  Expressed  by  B       

Bleness,    Expressed   by  Small  Circle 88 

Brief  W  and  V  in  the  Vowel  Places 45 

Brief  W  and  Y,  Enlarged 103 

Brief  Word-Forms 113 

Capitals,  Guide  to  use  of 139 

Capital    Letters,  Expression  of 47 

Circles,  Small  23,  Large 24 

Circles,  I'relixed  to  Hooks • 55 

Circles  and  Loops,  added  to  Final  Hooks 64,  67 

Commendatory  Letters 134,  135 

Con,  Com,  Cog 83,  84 

Contents       7 

Consonants 9 

Contra,  Contro,  Counter 84 

Ded,  Ted,  Disjoined  .  .        .       77 

Derivatives,  Represented   by  Word-Signs 82 

Directions  for  writing  the  Simple  Consonants 10 

Diphthongs   .    .                 19 

Dr,  Added  by  Lengthening 71 

Emphasis,  Indicated  by 47 

En,  In,  Un  Hooks 59 

157 


PAGE. 

Erity,    Ility,  Ality 89 

Eshon  Hook 67 

Er,  Added  by  lengthening  Emp  and  Emb 70 

F  Hook • 63 

Final  Hooks  ...     • 63,  67 

For,  Fore,  Expressed  by  F 84,  89 

From-to,    Omitted       95 

Fullness,  Expressed  by  a  Circle, 

C.r,  Added  by  lengthening  Ing 71 

Had,  What,  Would,  Added  .    .     • loo 

Have,  Omitted 95 

Have,  ( )f,  added  by  a  V  Hook I  oo 

Has,  His,  As,  Is,  Joined  to  a  Circle "  101 

Halving  Principle  ...         76 

He,  Represented  by  a  Tick .  37 

H,  Represented  by  a  Dot 35 

Holding  the  Pen 6 

HOOKS  : 

W  Hook 40 

R  Hook 50 

L  Hook 49 

Special  Use,  I,  and  R  Hooks •     .    .    .  54 

Enlarged  L  and  R  Hooks 59 

I,  Pronoun               20 

Ility,  Erity,  Ality       89 

Imperfect   Hooks       .    .    •         .                  51 

Incon,  Uncom,  Represented  by  an  In  Hook 84 

In,  Un,  En  Hooks  .    .    .     •                59 

In,  In  the,  Represented  by  an  In  Hook 100 

In-re,  Represented  by  Ner               84 

Ing,  Lengthened  to  add  KrorClr       71 

Ing,  Ings,  Ingly  ...                 .        .             ,VS 

Ing  the,  In*  a,  Expressed  by  a  Light  Tick ico 

Ing  thr,  Expressed  by  a  Heavy  Tick loo 

Ink               6 

Is,  As,  Has,  His,  Joined  to  a  Circle  .    .' •  101 

Iss,  Sez,   Steh,  Prefixed  to  Hooks 55 

Initial  Hooks       .                     40,49,  50,  51 

Inter,  Iniro,  Represented  by  Net 84 

It,  Added  to  Full  Length  Strokes 101 

Introduction,  Lettrr  of                   136 

Joining  Consonant     Strokes       II 

Kr,  Gr,  Added  to  Ing  by  Lengthening 71 

K,  Omitted 94 

L  Hooks      .  

L  Hooks,  Special  Use  of      54 

L  Hook,  Enlarged ....            59 

158 


PAGE. 

L  and  Lay,  Use  of 32 

Lengthened,  Letters 70 

Lessness,  Expressed  by  a  Large  Circle 89 

Letters,  Application,  Introduction,  Etc 132 

M,  Shaded  to  add  P  or  B 70 

Magne,  Magna,  Magni,  Expressed  by  M 85 

Method  of  Writing  Consonants 10 

Method  of  Placing  the  Vowels 15 

Names  of  Hooked  Consonants 52,  57 

X  Hook •    • 63 

N,  Omitted 94 

Not,  Added  by  an  N  Hook IOI 

Numbers,  Expression  of      IOI 

Of,  Of  the,  Omitted 94 

Of,  Have,  Added  by  a  V  Hook 100 

Ology,  Alogy 89 

Omission  of  Consonants 93 

Omission  of  Words 94 

Other,  Added  by  Lengthening 72 

Our,  Are,  Added 99 

Own,  One,  Added  by  an  N  Hook 102 

Paper           ...             5 

P,  Added  to  M  by  Shading 70 

P,  Omitted 93 

Past  Tense      102 

Pen,  Ink,  Pencil 6 

Phrase  Writing       •    • 92 

Position  of  Lengthened  Letters 71 

Position  of  Phrases 92 

Position  of  Words           1 6 

Practice  Letters  for  Students 132 

Preface 3 

Prefixes 83 

Pronoun   I  .    . 20 

Proper  Names,  Capital  Letters 47 

Punctuation 46,  142 

R,  Omitted 94 

R  Hooks 50 

R  Hooks,  Special  Use  of 54 

R  Hook,    Enlarged 59 

R,  Use  of  Ar  and  Ray  .    . 29 

Ray,  Not  Shortened  when  Alone 77 

Remarks  to  Students 5 

Reporting  Notes       106 

S,  Brief  Signs  lor       23 

S  and  Z  Strokes,  L'se  of 25 

Sez  and  Steh,  Prefixed  to  Hooks 55 

150 


PAGE. 

Self-Con,  Com,  Cog,  Contra 85 

Self,  Expressed  by  a  Circle X- 

Self  and  Selves 90 

Shortened  Letters 76 

Ship,  Kxprc^ed  by  Ish £9 

Sh,  Use  of  I^h  and  Shay 

Shon  Hooks 67 

Size  of  Characters 6 

Soever,  Denoted  by  Iss-V go 

Someness,  Expressed  by  a  Circle £8 

Space  between  Words 6 

Syllables  Disjoined 102 

T,  ( >mitted 93 

Ted,  Ded,  Disjoined 

Thr  Tick 103 

Than,  Added  to  Comparatives 103 

There,  Their,  etc.,  Added  by  Lengthening 72 

The,  A,  An,  And       36 

Tick   for  He  .    .    .    .   • 37 

Tiv  Hook 67 

To,  To  the,  Implied 95 

Tr,  Thr,  Added  by  Lengthening .  71 

Two  Vowels  After  One  Stroke 19 

Un,  In,   En  Hooks  ......                             59 

Uncom,  Incon,  Represented  by  In  Hook  ...                §4 

Us,  Represented  by  a  Small  Circle 103 

Use  of  S  and  Z  Strokes      25 

Use  of  Ar  and  Ray .  29 

Use  of  El  and  Lay 32 

Use  of  H  Stroke 35 

Use  of  W  Stroke - 44 

Vowels,  Long 14 

Vowels,  Light 18 

Vowels  Between  Strokes .  18 

V  Hook       63 

Vowel  Word  Signs •     .    .    .  21 

\V,  lirief  Sicns  for 40 

W,  In  the  Vowel  Places 45 

We,  Vou,  Were,  Signs  Reversed 103 

What,  Would,  Had,  Added ,00 

Will,  All,  Added 99 

V,  I!rief  Signs  for       41 

V,  L'se  of  Stroke 45 

V,  In  the  Vowel  Places •        • 45 

You,  We,  Were,  Signs  Reversed 103 

/,  Hrief  Expression  of •    •    •    .    .  23 

/,  I'se  of  Stroke 25 

TOO 


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